TABLE 1.

Sample Characteristics (%), Finland 1950 and 1970–85 (N=98,389)

Characteristics	Entire sample N=98, 389	Deaths N=12,956
Childhood Characteristics- 1950 Census, Ages 0–14
Gender
Male	51.8	71.0
Female	48.2	29.0
Number of children in the family
One	22.7	24.4
Two	30.2	28.2
Three +	47.1	47.4
Birth cohort
Prewar	20.8	32.8
War years	27.5	29.8
Postwar	51.7	37.5
Region of residence
Helsinki Region	7.5	8.0
Rest of Uusimaa	5.8	5.6
Western Finland	39.4	36.7
Eastern Finland	42.8	44.9
Lapland	4.5	4.8
Occupation of family heada
Professional/administrative	15.1	12.9
Agricultural and other workers	41.8	44.8
Farmers < 10 hectares	25.8	25.7
Farmers ≥ 10 hectares	8.1	6.9
Otherb	9.3	9.7
Parental Educationc
Less than primary school	16.4	20.6
Primary school	73.3	71.1
Past primary school	10.3	8.3
Housing Conditions – people per heated room
< 2	32.2	29.3
2.0–2.99	31.9	31.3
3.00–3.99	16.4	17.1
4+	18.3	21.2
Missing	1.1	1.1
Family type
Both parents	90.9	88.2
Mother only	7.8	10.1
Father only	1.3	1.7
Adult Characteristics
Marital Status
Never married	19.0	27.6
Married	74.4	63.0
Separated/divorced/widowed	6.6	9.3
Children in the household
No	21.5	27.3
Yes	78.5	72.7
Education (years)
9 years	49.4	60.8
10–11 years	25.1	21.8
12 years	13.2	9.9
13+ years	12.3	7.5
Occupation
Upper white collar	13.6	8.5
Lower white collar	29.2	20.1
Manual worker – industry	17.7	22.1
Manual worker – other	20.7	24.6
Farmer	6.5	6.7
Self-employed	4.4	4.5
Unknown, including students	8.0	13.6
Labor force attachment
In the labor force	83.4	81.9
Not in the labor force, excl. housewives	6.7	12.0
Housewifed	9.9	6.1
Home ownership
Owner	56.9	50.0
Renter	26.1	30.2
Employer provides	12.8	12.3
Unknown	4.2	7.5

^aRefers to father’s occupation, except in mother only households when mother’s occupation is used.

^bIncludes self-employed, other and unknown.

^cHighest level of schooling of either the mother or the father.

^dAmong women 20.5% of the women were housewives.