Table 2. Mars-simulated conditions used for the experiments.

Parameter	Values
Gas mixing rates	CO2 95%/volume, air 5%/volume (N2 4%/volume and O2 1%/volume)
Gas humidity	3 Pa
Volume flow	10 liters/hour*
Pressure inside the chamber	1000**–700*** Pa
Radiation spectra (Xenon-lamp)	200 nm and 2200 nm
Simulation	day simulation for 24 hours: light on for 16 hours and light off for 8 hoursnight simulation for 24 hours: light off
Temperature	Was varying in a diurnal cycle between:day simulation: 15°C (288°K) night simulation: −55°C (218°K)
Exposure time with corresponding dose	24 hours(day and night simulation): 153 kJ/m2;4 days simulation: 598.8 kJ/m2 7 days simulation 1131 kJ/m2

*at approximately Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure 101325 Pa and 25°C.

**at the starting time and ***main part until the end of the experiment.