Table 1.
Participant Characteristics (n = 65)
| Characteristics | Nonfrail (n = 22), Mean ± SD or n (%) | Prefrail (n = 31), Mean ± SD or n (%) | Frail (n = 12), Mean ± SD or n (%) | p Value for Frailty Difference or n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 76.5±4.7 | 81.8±6.7 | 85.2±3.8 | .0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 16 (72.7) | 19 (61.3) | 4 (33.3) | .08 |
| Education, y | 16.0 (2.4) | 14.9 (2.1) | 16.1 (2.1) | .84 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2±4.0 | 26.6±4.0 | 29.3±7.4 | .16 |
| Hypertension | 16 (72.7) | 23 (76.7) | 5 (41.7) | .077 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 16 (72.7) | 23 (76.7) | 4 (33.3) | .021 |
| Arthritis | 13 (59.1) | 14 (45.2) | 7 (58.3) | .725 |
| Diabetes | 1 (4.6) | 4 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) | .271 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2 (9.5) | 8 (28.6) | 4 (33.3) | .185 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 (4.6) | 1 (3.2) | 2 (16.7) | .434 |
| History of malignancy, skin or nonskin | 12 (54.6) | 13 (41.9) | 9 (75.0) | .330 |
| Fall within the last year | 7 (31.8) | 8 (25.8) | 5 (41.7) | .732 |
| Depression | 4 (18.2) | 7 (22.6) | 2 (16.7) | .848 |
| Memory loss | 1 (5.6) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (8.3) | .809 |
| Grip strength, kg | 28.2±7.2 | 22.9±7.7 | 25.5±6.0 | .04 |
| Walking speed, s | 2.8±0.5 | 2.8±0.7 | 3.9±1.4 | .0003 |
| Physical activity, kcal/wk | 3,432.5±3,559.6 | 1,676.8±1,516.9 | 954.5±1,705.6 | .009 |
| Frailty score | 0 | 1.3±0.4 | 3.3±0.5 | <.0001 |
Note: BMI = body mass index.