Table 3. Association between exposure to multiple infections and prevalence of ACE.

Exposure to multiple infections	Control	Cases	Unadjusted analysis		Adjusted analysis#
	N(%)	N(%)	OR(95% CI)	P-value	OR(95% CI)	P-value
Toxocara canis + Toxoplasma gondii	116(9.0)	147(15.0)	1.91(1.45–2.50)	<0.001	1.65(1.11–2.45)	0.014
Toxocara canis + Onchocerca volvulus	84(11.0)	104(20.0)	2.55(1.84–3.53)	<0.001	2.34(1.62–3.37)	<0.001
Toxocara canis +Taenia solium	5(0.6)	6(1.2)	2.17(0.67–7.18)	0.202	1.65(0.46–5.86)	0.440
Toxocara canis + HIV	32(2.5)	30(3.2)	1.41(0.85–2.35)	0.183	1.04(0.56–1.95)	0.896
Toxocara canis + Plasmodium falciparum	254(20.0)	269(28.0)	1.40(1.07–1.84)	0.015	3.63(1.14–11.47)	0.028
Toxoplasma gondii + Onchocerca volvulus	100(12.0)	135(26.0)	2.68(1.96–3.66)	<0.001	2.53(1.72–3.75)	0.001
Toxoplasma gondii + Taenia solium	7(0.9)	8(1.6)	2.12(0.76–5.91)	0.152	1.73(0.57–5.18)	0.325
Toxoplasma gondii + HIV	78(6.0)	69(7.0)	1.26(0.89–1.77)	0.194	1.35(0.86–2.11)	0.192
Toxoplasma gondii + Plasmodium falciparum	435(34.0)	362(37.0)	1.04(0.81–1.33)	0.771	11.66(1.48–91.53)	0.020
Onchocerca volvulus + Taenia solium	5(0.6)	9(1.7)	3.51(1.17–10.55)	0.026	3.23(1.02–10.16)	0.045
Onchocerca volvulus + HIV	32(3.8)	33(6.2)	2.07(1.25–3.44)	0.005	1.74(0.94–3.18)	0.075
Onchocerca volvulus + Plasmodium falciparum	186(22.0)	202(38.0)	2.58(1.10–6.03)	0.029	3.81(1.29–11.17)	0.015
Taenia solium + HIV	5(0.6)	2(0.4)	0.65(0.13–3.38)	0.611	0.82(0.15–4.45)	0.818
Taenia solium + Plasmodium falciparum	18(2.2)	15(2.8)	2.50(0.84–7.48)	0.101	3.13(0.87–11.23)	0.080
HIV + Plasmodium falciparum	144(11.0)	111(11.0)	0.98(0.70–1.36)	0.889	2.97(0.92–9.57)	0.068

^#Logistic regression model included age, sex, study site, education (none, primary, or secondary and above), employment, marital status and exposure to other assayed infections. The odds ratio is comparing odds of being a case in co-infected versus uninfected.