Table 3. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) based on independent variables for schoolchildren aged 1 to 12 years from urban areas of Fernandópolis, in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil.
| Positive† | % | cPR (95% CI) | p-value ‡ | aPR (95% CI) | p-value ‡‡ | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 17 | 14.2 | 0.85 (0.48–1.52) | 0.584 | 1.27 (0.75–2.13) | 0.357 |
| Male | 22 | 16.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 30.8 | - | - | ||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≥9 | 5 | 10.6 | 0.43 (0.15–1.21) | 0.66 (0.40–1.07) | 0.094 | |
| 6 |- 9 | 8 | 11.6 | 0.46 (0.19–1.14) | 0.040 | 0.82 (0.43–1.50) | 0.555 |
| 4 |- 6 | 14 | 15.9 | 0.64 (0.29–1.38) | 1.27 (0.87–1.86) | 0.195 | |
| <4 | 12 | 25.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 63.1 | - | - | ||
| Income (head of household) | ||||||
| ≥5 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.05 (0.01–0.35) | 0.21 (0.00–10.68) | 0.438 | |
| 4 |- 5 | 1 | 2.7 | 0.08 (0.01–0.64) | 1.11 (0.02–54.50) | 0.957 | |
| 3 |- 4 | 2 | 13.3 | 0.42 (0.10–1.81) | ≤0.001€ | 1.07 (0.21–5.42) | 0.931 |
| 2 |- 3 | 1 | 7.6 | 0.24 (0.03–1.81) | 0.53 (0.07–4.21) | 0.548 | |
| 1 |- 2 | 18 | 25.7 | 0.80 (0.41–1.58) | 1.00 (0.45–2.23) | 0.954 | |
| <1 | 16 | 32.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 82.9 | - | - | ||
| Type of school | ||||||
| Private | 2 | 1.9 | 0.06 (0.1–0.22) | ≤0.001 | 1.35 (0.04–52.71) | 0.940 |
| Public and philanthropic | 37 | 24.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 26.8 | - | - | ||
| SUS users only†† | ||||||
| Yes | 34 | 22.2 | 4.40 (1.78–10.8) | ≤0.001 | 0.82 (0.39–1.66) | 0.560 |
| No | 5 | 5.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 27.2 | - | - | ||
| Behaviors that increase soil ingestion | ||||||
| Geophagy£ | ||||||
| Yes | 28 | 32.9 | 5.00 (2.49–10.05) | ≤0.001 | 2.38 (1.36–4.18) | 0.003 |
| No | 11 | 6.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 39.5 | - | - | ||
| Onychophagy£ | ||||||
| Yes | 23 | 23.9 | 2.34 (1.23–4.42) | 0.009 | 1.06 (0.63–1.78) | 0.865 |
| No | 16 | 10.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 34.2 | - | - | ||
| Hand washing habitµ | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.5 | 0.03 (0.01–0.08) | ≤0.001 | 0.04 (0.01–0.11) | ≤0.001 |
| No | 36 | 61.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 62.5 | - | - | ||
| Clinical laboratory characteristics | ||||||
| Relative eosinophilia | ||||||
| Yes | 16 | 30.1 | 2.61 (1.38–4.94) | 0.003 | 1.51 (0.78–2.91) | 0.204 |
| No | 23 | 11.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overall | 39 | 41.7 | - | - |
cPR - crude prevalence ratio (considering the design effect).
aPR - adjusted prevalence ratio (considering the design effect).
†
ELISA anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies: positivity is the outcome.
††
Refers to the families who have no health insurance at their disposal and are solely and exclusively dependent on the Brazilian Unified Health System.
£
Note these habits at least 3 times in the past month.
µ
Note the habit of hand washing before meals (at least 3 times a day).
‡
Pearson chi-squared test.
‡‡
Wald chi-squared test.
€
Fisher exact test.