Table 3. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratio with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) based on independent variables for schoolchildren aged 1 to 12 years from urban areas of Fernandópolis, in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil.
Positive† | % | cPR (95% CI) | p-value ‡ | aPR (95% CI) | p-value ‡‡ | |
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Female | 17 | 14.2 | 0.85 (0.48–1.52) | 0.584 | 1.27 (0.75–2.13) | 0.357 |
Male | 22 | 16.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 30.8 | - | - | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
≥9 | 5 | 10.6 | 0.43 (0.15–1.21) | 0.66 (0.40–1.07) | 0.094 | |
6 |- 9 | 8 | 11.6 | 0.46 (0.19–1.14) | 0.040 | 0.82 (0.43–1.50) | 0.555 |
4 |- 6 | 14 | 15.9 | 0.64 (0.29–1.38) | 1.27 (0.87–1.86) | 0.195 | |
<4 | 12 | 25.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 63.1 | - | - | ||
Income (head of household) | ||||||
≥5 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.05 (0.01–0.35) | 0.21 (0.00–10.68) | 0.438 | |
4 |- 5 | 1 | 2.7 | 0.08 (0.01–0.64) | 1.11 (0.02–54.50) | 0.957 | |
3 |- 4 | 2 | 13.3 | 0.42 (0.10–1.81) | ≤0.001€ | 1.07 (0.21–5.42) | 0.931 |
2 |- 3 | 1 | 7.6 | 0.24 (0.03–1.81) | 0.53 (0.07–4.21) | 0.548 | |
1 |- 2 | 18 | 25.7 | 0.80 (0.41–1.58) | 1.00 (0.45–2.23) | 0.954 | |
<1 | 16 | 32.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 82.9 | - | - | ||
Type of school | ||||||
Private | 2 | 1.9 | 0.06 (0.1–0.22) | ≤0.001 | 1.35 (0.04–52.71) | 0.940 |
Public and philanthropic | 37 | 24.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 26.8 | - | - | ||
SUS users only†† | ||||||
Yes | 34 | 22.2 | 4.40 (1.78–10.8) | ≤0.001 | 0.82 (0.39–1.66) | 0.560 |
No | 5 | 5.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 27.2 | - | - | ||
Behaviors that increase soil ingestion | ||||||
Geophagy£ | ||||||
Yes | 28 | 32.9 | 5.00 (2.49–10.05) | ≤0.001 | 2.38 (1.36–4.18) | 0.003 |
No | 11 | 6.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 39.5 | - | - | ||
Onychophagy£ | ||||||
Yes | 23 | 23.9 | 2.34 (1.23–4.42) | 0.009 | 1.06 (0.63–1.78) | 0.865 |
No | 16 | 10.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 34.2 | - | - | ||
Hand washing habitµ | ||||||
Yes | 3 | 1.5 | 0.03 (0.01–0.08) | ≤0.001 | 0.04 (0.01–0.11) | ≤0.001 |
No | 36 | 61.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 62.5 | - | - | ||
Clinical laboratory characteristics | ||||||
Relative eosinophilia | ||||||
Yes | 16 | 30.1 | 2.61 (1.38–4.94) | 0.003 | 1.51 (0.78–2.91) | 0.204 |
No | 23 | 11.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Overall | 39 | 41.7 | - | - |
cPR - crude prevalence ratio (considering the design effect).
aPR - adjusted prevalence ratio (considering the design effect).
ELISA anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies: positivity is the outcome.
Refers to the families who have no health insurance at their disposal and are solely and exclusively dependent on the Brazilian Unified Health System.
Note these habits at least 3 times in the past month.
Note the habit of hand washing before meals (at least 3 times a day).
Pearson chi-squared test.
Wald chi-squared test.
Fisher exact test.