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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 30.
Published in final edited form as: Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Oct;10(5):683–694. doi: 10.1375/twin.10.5.683

Table 1.

Comparison of Qualitative Study Design Characteristics for All Existing Twin Reports Using MRI in Typically Developing Populations

Study Population Substructures
measured?
Morphological
measures?
Voxel-level
measures?
Brain and
behavior?
Multivariate
analyses?
SEM-based
statistics?
Longitudinal
design?
Reveley, 1984 Adult Y2 N N N N Y N
Oppenheim, 1989 Adult Y2 Y2 N N N N N
Steinmetz, 1994 Adult N Y N N N N N
Steinmetz, 1995 Adult Y N N Y7 N N N
Bartley, 1997 Adult Y Y N N N Y N
Biondi, 1998 Adult Y Y N N N N N
Bonan, 1998 Adult Y Y N N N N N
Carmelli 1998 Adult N N N N N Y N
Haidekker, 1998 Adult N Y N N N N N
Tramo, 1998 Adult Y N N Y N N N
Carmelli, 1999 Adult N N N Y N N N
Lohman, 1999 Adult N Y N N N6 N N
Le Goualher, 2000 Adult N Y N N N N N
Pennington, 2000 Pediatric1 Y N N Y Y N N
Pfefferbaum, 2000 Adult Y2 N N N Y3 Y N
Posthuma 2000 Adult N N N N Y Y N
Barré, 2001 Adult N N N N Y Y N
Pfefferbaum, 2001 Adult Y2 N N N N Y N
Sullivan, 2001 Adult Y N N N N Y N
Thompson, 2001 Adult N N Y Y N N N
Carmelli 2002a Adult Y N N Y N Y N
Carmelli 2002b Adult N5 N N Y N Y N
Eckert, 2002 Pediatric Y N N N N N N
Geschwind, 2002 Adult Y N N Y7 N Y N
Hulshoff Pol, 2002 Adult Y2 N N N N Y N
Posthuma 2002 Adult N N N Y Y Y N
Reed, 2002 Adult Y2 N N N N N N
White, 2002 Adult Y N N N N N N
Wright, 2002 Adult Y N N N Y3* Y N
Scamvougeras, 2003 Adult Y2 N N N N N N
Styner, 2003 Adult Y Y N N N N N
Mohr, 2004 Adult N Y N N N N N
Pfefferbaum, 2004 Adult Y2 Y2 N N Y Y Y4
Wallace et al., 2006 Pediatric Y N N N N Y N
Hulshoff Pol, 2006 Adult Y N Y Y N Y N
Schmitt et al., 2007 Pediatric Y N N N Y Y N

Note: ‘Substructures measured’ is an indication of whether parcellation data for ROIs are reported for structures other than total brain, intracranial volume, or hemispheric volumes. A ‘Y’ for brain and behavior is indicative that the study not only measured psychometric and imaging variables, but also attempted to describe brain-behavioral relationships. In contrast, the ‘Multivariate Analyses’ column identifies studies that model relationships between neuroanatomic variables.

1

Greater than 70% of the twin sample was reading disabled

2

Only midsagittal structures (lateral ventricles and/or corpus callosum) were measured

3

Bivariate, or bivariate with post-hoc principal component analysis (3*)

4

Two timepoints

5

White matter hyperintensities were the only neuroanatomic variable reported

6

PCA used, but to assess global, rather than structure-specific, eigenvalues

7

Handedness only