Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| No. of participants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Year | Disciplines or curricula | PBL | LBL | Source of participants | Outcome assessment |
| Zhang Jie et al. | 2013 | Environmental health | 54 | 50 | Rural doctors in Han Chinese | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| 55 | 61 | Rural doctors in minority nationalities | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys | |||
| Li Guangyou et al. | 2013 | Medical statistics | 45 | 48 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Gao Lanyue et al. | 2013 | Occupational health and medicine | 61 | 61 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores |
| Zhao Yingzheng et al. | 2013 | Toxicology | 40 | 38 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Zhang Zhihong et al. | 2012 | Environmental health | 77 | 57 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Zhang Qin et al. | 2012 | Child and adolescent health | 50 | 51 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Wang Shuran et al. | 2011 | Nutrition science and food hygiene | 10 | 116 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Lu Zhiquan et al. | 2011 | Epidemiology | 150 | 150 | Postgraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Hu Dongmei et al. | 2011 | Medical statistics | 90 | 90 | Postgraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Sun Rong et al. | 2010 | Medical statistics | 86 | 85 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Zhang Yanqi et al. | 2010 | Medical statistics | 19 | 39 | Eight-year program medical students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Zhang Yanqi et al. | 2010 | Medical statistics | 39 | 39 | Eight-year program medical students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Wu Songwen et al. | 2010 | Medical statistics | 60 | 60 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Zhang Yixi et al. | 2009 | Medical statistics | 93 | 78 | Higher vocational school students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
| Deng Shusong et al. | 2006 | Preventive medicine | 53 | 56 | Undergraduate students | Examination scores and questionnaire surveys |
PBL, problem-based learning; LBL, lecture-based learning.