. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 30.

Published in final edited form as: Asian Popul Stud. 2013 Jun 19;9(2):196–215. doi: 10.1080/17441730.2013.797293

Table 1.

Characteristics of Societies with Weak and Strong Familism

Strong Familism	Weak Familism
• Late parental home move out (“late nest leaving”)	• Premarital parental home move out (“early nest leaving”)
• Traditional gender roles	• High degree of individual autonomy
• Strong family ties	• Lowered parental authority
• Very low out of wedlock births	• Cohabitation common
• Cohabitation not very common	• High use of childcare, babysitters, and nannies
• Often linked to religion, ideology, or ethical and philosophical system (e.g. Confucianism, Catholicism)	• Housework is shared relatively equally by both men and women
• Mothers as primary caregivers	• Moderately low or near replacement level (TFR of 1.7-2.1) common
• Women take on household responsibilities	• Northern and Western Europe
• Low (TFR of 1.3-1.7) or lowest-low (TFR of or below 1.3) fertility levels common
• Southern Europe, East Asia, Eastern Europe