Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and recovery results from the control and disease groups
| Variable | Controls (n = 18) | All HC (n = 41) | Nonobstructive (n = 28) | Obstructive (n = 13) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 9 | 36∗ | 26∗ | 11∗ |
| Age (yrs) | 39.7 ± 10.0 | 46.7 ± 13.0∗ | 47.5 ± 13.7 | 44.9 ± 11.8 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 29.5 ± 5.3∗ | 29.9 ± 5.4∗ | 28.9 ± 5.3∗ |
| Mean arterial blood pressure at rest (mm Hg) | 90.8 ± 7.5 | 92.8 ± 12.7 | 94.3 ± 12.3 | 89.6 ± 13.4 |
| Systolic blood pressure at rest (mm Hg) | 120.3 ± 10.1 | 124.9 ± 18.5 | 127.7 ± 16.1 | 118.8 ± 22.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure at peak (mm Hg) | 165.6 ± 21.4 | 169.5 ± 30.2 | 171.4 ± 28.8 | 165.4 ± 33.8 |
| Change in systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 44.2 ± 8.1 | 48.2 ± 12.4 | 50.2 ± 10.7 | 44.0 ± 15.0 |
| Active smokers | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| NYHA Class 1 | 18 | 22 | 17 | 5 |
| NYHA Class 2 | 0 | 18 | 10 | 8 |
| NYHA Class ≥3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Resting heart rate (beats/min) | 80.5 ± 14.7 | 76.6 ± 14.51 | 74.6 ± 15.8 | 81.1 ± 10.6 |
| Peak heart rate (beats/min) | 176.8 ± 18.1 | 149.8 ± 21.7∗ | 148.3 ± 24.4∗ | 153.0 ± 14.7∗ |
| Change in heart rate (beats/min) | 96.3 ± 17.2 | 73.2 ± 21.4∗ | 73.8 ± 24.2∗ | 71.9 ± 14.4∗ |
| Maximal oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) | 35.1 ± 8.4 | 23.7 ± 5.6∗ | 24.2 ± 6.1∗ | 22.5 ± 4.4∗ |
| Peak workload achieved (W) | 206.1 ± 73.6 | 143.2 ± 47.5∗ | 152.3 ± 50.9∗ | 123.5 ± 32.5∗ |
| Maximal wall thickness (mm) | — | 17 ± [14–21] | 15.0 ± [13–20.5] | 18 ± [16.5–21.5] |
| Peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient (mm Hg) | 6 [4–9.75] | 78 [60–100.5]† | ||
| Ejection fraction (%) | — | 67.0 ± 7.7 | 66.4 ± 8.6 | 68.2 ± 5.5 |
| Left atrial diameter (mm) | — | 43.7 ± 6.0 | 44.5 ± 6.3 | 41.8 ± 5 |
| Mean heart rate at 1 minute (beats/min) | 141.4 ± 24.19 | 124.1 ± 19.3∗ | 121.9 ± 21.5∗ | 128.9 ± 13.1 |
| Mean heart rate reduction at 1 minute (beats/min) | 35.3 ± 11.0 | 25.7 ± 8.4∗ | 26.4 ± 7.8∗ | 24.2 ± 9.6∗ |
| Reduction of peak heart rate at 1 minute (%) | 20.4 ± 6.8 | 17.2 ± 5.2 | 17.9 ± 4.8 | 15.6 ± 6.0 |
| Reduction of absolute change in heart rate during exercise at 1 minute (%) | 37.7 ± 13.5 | 36.3 ± 11.9 | 37.8 ± 12.3 | 32.9 ± 10.9 |
| Mean heart rate at 2 minutes (beats/min) | 123.2 ± 25.7 | 113.6 ± 17.1 | 110.5 ± 18.9 | 118.5 ± 11.3 |
| Mean heart rate reduction at 2 minutes (beats/min) | 53.6 ± 13.2 | 36.8 ± 9.4∗ | 37.8 ± 10.1∗ | 34.5 ± 7.5∗ |
| Reduction of peak heart rate at 2 minutes (%) | 30.7 ± 7.8 | 24.5 ± 5.2∗ | 25.4 ± 5.4∗ | 22.5 ± 4.0∗ |
| Reduction of absolute change in heart rate during exercise at 2 minutes (%) | 56.6 ± 13.9 | 51.7 ± 10.9 | 53.2 ± 11.9 | 48.4 ± 8.0 |
| Mean heart rate at 3 minutes (beats/min) | 114.7 ± 24.1 | 108.6 ± 16.8 | 104.9 ± 16.6 | 116.6 ± 14.7 |
| Mean heart rate reduction at 3 minutes (beats/min) | 62.1 ± 14.5 | 41.2 ± 12.2∗ | 43.4 ± 12.8∗ | 36.4 ± 9.7∗ |
| Reduction of peak heart rate at 3 minutes (%) | 35.5 ± 8.6 | 27.3 ± 6.4∗ | 28.9 ± 5.9∗ | 23.8 ± 6.2∗ |
| Reduction of absolute change in heart rate during exercise at 3 minutes (%) | 65.7 ± 15.8 | 57.8 ± 13.5 | 60.7 ± 12.4 | 51.4 ± 13.9∗ |
| Normalized low frequency spectral power (n.u) | 0.48 ± 0.19 | 0.56 ± 0.18 | 0.55 ± 0.18 | 0.56 ± 0.19 |
| Normalized high frequency spectral power (n.u) | 0.51 ± 0.19 | 0.44 ± 0.18 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.44 ± 0.19 |
| Low:high frequency ratio | 0.77 [0.53–1.93] | 1.52 [0.66–2.16] | 1.32 [0.68–2.14] | 1.52 [0.64–2.70] |
Normally distributed continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD and as median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data.
NYHA = New York Heart Association.
∗
p <0.05 versus controls.
†
p <0.05 versus nonobstructive.