Table 1.
Results of Clinical Trials Investigating Cellular Phone-Based Medical Informatics for Healthcare Use in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
| REFERENCE (YEAR) | RELATIONSHIP | AGE (YEARS) | STUDY DURATION | INTERVENTION (N) | FEEDBACK | HBA1C REDUCTION FROM BASELINE (%) | P VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bell et al.19 (2012) | M-U | 55±10 | 52 weeks | Video message group (32) | Video message | −1.3 | 0.002a |
| 60±11 | Control group (33) | Usual care | −0.9 | <0.002a | |||
| Zolfaghari et al.20 (2012) | M-U | 51.07 | 12 weeks | SMS group (38) | SMS | −1.01 | <0.01a |
| 53.71 | Telephone group (39) | Phone | −0.93 | <0.01a | |||
| Shetty et al.21 (2011)b | M-U | 50.1±9.9 | 52 weeks | SMS and Internet group (110) | SMS | — | <0.007a |
| 50.5±8.3 | Control group (105) | Usual care | — | NSa | |||
| Schiel et al.27 (2011)c | U-self | 14.5±2.2 | 1–3 days | Physical activity application (16) | Self-monitor | ||
| Carroll et al.28 (2011) | M-U | 14–18 | 12 weeks | Phone group (10) | Voice+SMS | −0.5 | 0.04a |
| Curran et al.29 (2010)c | U-self | — | 2 weeks | 6 patients | Suggestion of AI insulin dose | ||
| Istepanian et al.30 (2009) | M-U | 60±12 | 9 months | Telemonitoring group (72) | Message letter | −0.14 | 0.06d |
| 57±13 | Control group (65) | Usual care | +0.30 | ||||
| Cho et al.22 (2009) | M-U | 45.2±11.3 | 12 weeks | Internet group (34) | Internet-based | −0.7 | <0.01a |
| 51.1±13.2 | Phone group (35) | SMS feedback | −1.2 | <0.01a | |||
| Kim et al.23 (2008) | M-U | 45.5±9.1 | 52 weeks | SMS and Internet group (18) | SMS feedback | −1.49 | <0.05a |
| 48.5±8.0 | Control group (16) | Usual care | +0.53 | NSa | |||
| Kim et al.18 (2006) | M-U | 46.8±8.8 | 52 weeks | SMS and Internet group (25) | SMS feedback | −1.05 | <0.05a |
| 47.5±9.1 | Control group (26) | Usual care | +0.11 | NSa | |||
| Kim et al.24 (2006)e | M-U | 41.5±12.3 | 12 weeks | SMS and Internet group (25) | SMS feedback | Not checked | |
| No control group |
Data are mean±standard deviation values unless otherwise indicated.
p value from baseline to the end of the study within the same group, dp value at the end of the study between the two groups.
Results of Shetty et al.21: the percentage of those with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)<8% went from 30.8% to 55.1% in the short message service (SMS) group (p<0.007) and from 31.8% to 48.5% in the control group.
Results of Schiel et al.27 and Curran et al.29 indicated that use of cellular phone-based medical informatics is an acceptable means of managing blood glucose levels.
Results of Kim et al.24: mean decrease of 28.6 mg/dL (p=0.006) in fasting plasma glucose levels and 78.4 mg/dL (p=0.003) in 2-h postprandial blood sugar levels.
AI, artificial intelligence; M-U, interaction between medical providers and users; NS, not significant; U-self, users' self-management without interaction with medical providers.