Table 4.

Unadjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for the GEHA Italian 90+ siblings: phenotypic parameters (*n.s. = p > 0.05)

Characteristic	N of 90+ siblings at baseline	N of deaths 1st January 2011		Unadjusted hazard ratio
	N = 1,160	N = 718	% = 61.9	HR	(95 % CI)		p
Recruitment centre
Calabria	405	277	68.4	1.00
Bologna	539	323	59.9	0.85	0.72	1.00	0.05
Rome	216	118	54.6	0.81	0.66	0.99	0.04
Interview
With the proxy	85	78	91.8	1.00
With the participant	1,075	640	59.5	0.36	0.28	0.45	<0.001
Socio-demographic information
Gender
Male	369	247	66.9	1.00
Female	791	471	59.5	0.81	0.70	0.95	0.01
Present marital status
Divorced, separated or widow/widower	873	545	62.4	1.00
Never married	121	75	62.0	1.11	0.86	1.43	n.s.*
Married	166	98	59.0	1.06	0.85	1.32	n.s.*
Education
≤3 years	532	343	64.5	1.00
≥4 years	624	371	59.5	0.99	0.85	1.14	n.s.*
Main occupation
Blue collars	729	140	56.7	1.00
Housekeepers	184	463	63.5	0.97	0.79	1.19	n.s.*
White collars	247	115	62.5	0.91	0.76	1.09	n.s.*
Activities of daily living (ADL) and NAGI-scheme for sensory and physical functioning
Five items ADL scale categories
Severely disabled (ADL = 0–1–2)	409	327	80.0	1.00
Moderately disabled (ADL = 3–4)	166	94	56.6	0.55	0.44	0.69	<0.001
Not disabled (ADL = 5)	585	297	50.8	0.44	0.38	0.51	<0.001
500 m walking ability without aids
No		501	68.8	1.00
Yes	432	217	50.2	0.59	0.51	0.69	<0.001
Going up and down the stairs without anyone’s help
No	677	362	75.0	1.00
Yes	483	356	52.8	0.54	0.47	0.63	<0.001
Doing any kind of exercise
No	573	424	74.0	1.00
Yes	587	294	50.1	0.53	0.45	0.61	<0.001
Going outside with or without anyone’s help
No	505	375	74.3	1.00
Yes	651	339	52.1	0.59	0.51	0.69	<0.001
Cognitive capabilities
SMMSE categories
Not available or severe impairment: score 0–17	476	366	756.9	1.00
Mild impairment: score 18–23	310	179	57.7	0.61	0.51	0.73	<0.001
Unimpairment: score 24–30	374	173	46.3	0.49	0.41	0.58	<0.001
Lifestyle
Smoking
Smokers or former smokers	298	191	64.1	1.00
Never smokers	860	526	61.2	0.85	0.72	1.00	0.05
Daily alcohol intake
No	517	334	64.6	1.00
Yes	641	382	59.6	0.88	0.77	1.02	n.s.*
Health and morbidity
Number of present diseases
>2	733	484	66.0	1.00
1–2	380	210	55.3	0.74	0.63	0.87	<0.001
0	46	24	52.2	0.57	0.38	0.84	0.01
Self-reported health
Acceptable/poor/very poor	518	288	52.2	1.00
Excellent/good	552	347	67.0	0.68	0.58	0.80	<0.001
Hospitalisation within the last year
No	921	555	60.3	1.00
Yes	239	163	68.2	1.38	1.16	1.65	<0.001
Loss of weight within the last year
No	903	531	58.8	1.00
Yes	257	187	72.8	1.40	1.17	1.66	<0.001
Psychological well-being
Attitude towards life
Neither optimistic nor pessimistic/pessimistic	571	360	63.1	1.00
Optimistic	497	275	55.3	0.77	0.66	0.90	<0.001
Past diseases
Myocardial infarction
No	1,102	676	61.3	1.00
Yes	57	42	73.7	1.58	1.14	2.18	0.01
Stroke, cerebral thrombosis/haemorrhage
No	1,007	608	60.4	1.00
Yes	152	110	72.4	1.44	1.19	1.75	<0.001
Hip fracture
No	993	607	61.1	1.00
Yes	166	111	66.9	1.22	1.00	1.50	0.05
Anthropometric measures and physical test
Body mass index (BMI, Kg/m2)
<Median value	462	316	68.4	1.00
≥ Median value	552	291	52.7	0.73	0.62	0.85	<0.001
Hand grip (Kg)
<Median value	536	384	71.6	1.00
≥Median value	540	258	47.8	0.54	0.46	0.63	<0.001