Table 1.
Functional outcomes, falls incidence, and dual-task performance
| Exercise intervention group | Control group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-training | Post-training | Pre-training | Post-training | |
| Gait velocity (m.s−1) | 0.76 ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 0.60 ± 0.07* |
| TUG (s) | 19.9 ± 8.0 | 18.8 ± 7.9*† | 18.4 ± 5.1 | 21.8 ± 6.3 |
| Raise from a chair | 6.2 ± 4.1 | 9.8 ± 6.0**† | 6.3 ± 3.4 | 5.4 ± 3.9 |
| Balance | 0.44 ± 0.5 | 0.66 ± 0.5 | 0.36 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.5 |
| Gait velocity arithmetic task (m s−1) | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 0.56 ± 0.05 | 0.49 ± 0.06* |
| Cognitive score (arithmetic) | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.9 |
| Gait velocity verbal task (m s−1) | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.06* |
| Cognitive score (verbal) | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 5.6 ± 1.7 |
| Falls incidence | 0.77 ± 0.44 | 0.0 ± 0.0***†+ | 0.93 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 |
| TUG arithmetic task (s) | 23.8 ± 11.4 | 20.7 ± 7.0† | 22.7 ± 6.2 | 23.5 ± 7.4 |
| Cognitive score (TUG arithmetic) | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.8 |
| TUG verbal task (s) | 25.7 ± 11.5 | 22.4 ± 8.5*† | 22.8 ± 5.0 | 26.1 ± 8.2 |
| Cognitive score (TUG verbal) | 6.2 ± 3.0 | 6.5 ± 2.7 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 6.6 ± 1.0 |
| Barthel Index deterioration | – | 0.09 ± 0.30+ | – | 0.60 ± 0.52 |
TUG time-up-and-go test
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, significant difference from pre-training values; †P < 0.05, significant time vs. group interaction; +P < 0.001, significant difference between groups after training