Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in relation to health outcomes at 4 and 9 years
| Variable | Freq (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality at 9 years | Increase in physical limitation after 4 years | Depression at 4 yearsa | Drug use (≥4) at 4 years | |||||
| No (n = 3,289) | Yes (n = 711) | No (n = 2,142) | Yes (n = 1,011) | No (n = 2,763) | Yes (n = 124) | No (n = 2,634) | Yes (n = 519) | |
| A. Multi-morbidity | p b = 0.0010 | p b < 0.0001 | p b = 0.0296 | p b < 0.0001 | ||||
| 0–1 | 1,076 (85.1 %) | 188 (14.9 %) | 785 (75.6 %) | 254 (24.5 %) | 944 (96.4 %) | 35 (3.6 %) | 994 (95.7 %) | 45 (4.3 %) |
| 2–3 | 1,485 (81.8 %) | 330 (18.2 %) | 931 (66.0 %) | 479 (34.0 %) | 1,244 (96.1 %) | 51 (3.9 %) | 1,190 (84.4 %) | 220 (15.6 %) |
| ≥ 4 | 728 (79.0 %) | 193 (21.0 %) | 426 (60.5 %) | 278 (39.5 %) | 575 (93.8 %) | 38 (6.2 %) | 450 (63.9 %) | 254 (36.1 %) |
| B. Dependencyc | p b < 0.0001 | p b < 0.0001 | p b = 0.0003 | p b = 0.0037 | ||||
| 0 | 2,688 (83.5 %) | 531 (16.5 %) | 1,818 (69.9 %) | 782 (30.1 %) | 2,317 (96.2 %) | 91 (3.8 %) | 2,198 (84.5 %) | 402 (15.5 %) |
| 1 | 504 (77.2 %) | 149 (22.8 %) | 273 (57.7 %) | 200 (42.3 %) | 394 (94.0 %) | 25 (6.0 %) | 375 (79.3 %) | 98 (20.7 %) |
| 2–3 | 97 (75.8 %) | 31 (24.2 %) | 51 (63.8 %) | 29 (36.3 %) | 52 (86.7 %) | 8 (13.3 %) | 61 (76.3 %) | 19 (23.8 %) |
| C. Frailty status | p b < 0.0001 | p b < 0.0001 | p b = 0.0079 | p b = 0.0002 | ||||
| Robust | 1,593 (87.9 %) | 220 (12.1 %) | 1152 (74.5 %) | 394 (25.5 %) | 1,410 (96.8 %) | 46 (3.2 %) | 1,334 (86.3 %) | 212 (13.7 %) |
| Pre-frail | 1,522 (79.5 %) | 393 (20.5 %) | 921 (63.0 %) | 542 (37.1 %) | 1,241 (94.7 %) | 70 (5.3 %) | 1,187 (81.1 %) | 276 (18.9 %) |
| Frail | 174 (64.0 %) | 98 (36.0 %) | 69 (47.9 %) | 75 (52.1 %) | 112 (93.3 %) | 8 (6.7 %) | 113 (78.5 %) | 31 (21.5 %) |
| SES ladderd | p b = 0.0002 | p b = 0.0384 | p b < 0.0001 | p b = 0.7036 | ||||
| 6–10 (high) | 774 (83.7 %) | 151 (16.3 %) | 536 (72.2 %) | 206 (27.8 %) | 704 (98.1 %) | 14 (2.0 %) | 617 (83.2 %) | 125 (16.9 %) |
| 4–5 | 1,448 (84.4 %) | 267 (15.6 %) | 935 (67.5 %) | 451 (32.5 %) | 1,257 (96.3 %) | 48 (3.7 %) | 1,163 (83.9 %) | 223 (16.1 %) |
| 1–3 (low) | 880 (78.6 %) | 240 (21.4 %) | 576 (66.9 %) | 285 (33.1 %) | 677 (93.5 %) | 47 (6.5 %) | 711 (82.6 %) | 150 (17.4 %) |
aDepression at baseline is excluded
b p value of chi square test between development of adverse outcome or no adverse outcome
cDependency is defined by difficulty with meals, housework, or shopping
dSES, socioeconomic status as represented by the Hong Kong ladder, a self-rated scale from 1 to 10, with lower rungs of the ladder representing lower SES status