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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 30.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 May 23;13(6):355–369. doi: 10.1038/nrm3359

Figure 4. Cis-regulatory elements within mRNAs that interface with ribosomes or ribosomal proteins to confer transcript-specific regulation of gene expression.

Figure 4

a | Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements: the ribosomal protein RPS25 is necessary for the recruitment of the small ribosomal subunit 40S to the cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) intergenic region IRES to initiate translational initiation by a cap-independent mechanism in yeast and mammals. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications (such as pseudouridylation (Ψ)) are important for ribosome binding to IRES elements. b | Upstream open reading frames (uORFs): RPL24 promotes the reinitiation of translation following an uORF, thereby allowing the translation of the downstream main ORF. m7G, 7-methylguanosine, UTR, untranslated region.