Table 1. Insulin selectively controls glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and the extracellular glucose concentration via their network motifs.

Abbreviations: FF, feedfoward; FF with s.d., feedforward with substrate depletion; iFFL, incoherent feedforward loop.

A high responsiveness to the indicated stimulations is represented by ‘+’, and a low responsiveness is represented by ‘−’. The network motif of glycogenesis forms an Incoherent Type 1 motif (Mangan and Alon, 2003) (Supplementary Figure 4).