The 1.28-ppm biomarker identifies NPCs. (A) Spectral profiles of cultured neural cell types: NPCs, neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Dotted lines outline the 1.28-ppm NPC peak, NAA (2.02 ppm), and Cho (3.23 ppm). Arrowheads denote lactate doublets (1.33 ppm). Spectra are not of equal scale. (B) Bar graphs show quantification of the 1.28-ppm biomarker (top), NAA (middle), and Cho (bottom) (2.5 × 105 cells each, n = 3 experiments per group, done in triplicate samples per experiment). N, neurons, O, oligodendrocytes, A, astrocytes. (C) Quantification of the 1.28-ppm biomarker shows correlation of the number of NPCs and the 1.28-ppm signal amplitude (n = 3 experiments per data point, done in triplicate samples per experiment). (D) Quantification of the 1.28-ppm biomarker in proliferating cells: NPCs, ESCs, SPCs, OPCs, macrophages (MΦ), T lymphocytes (TC), and microglia (MG) (1 × 106 each, n = 3 experiments per group, done in triplicate samples per experiment). For all figures, quantification was done with the SVD-based method; bar graphs represent mean ± SEM; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. Detailed statistics are provided in the supporting online material.