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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res Bull. 2014 Jan 7;0:25–35. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.012

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Effects of spontaneous alternation testing on extracellular glucose (black diamonds) and lactate (gray circles) levels in the hippocampus. These levels were measured using bioprobes with 1-sec sampling periods, summarized here as 10-sec sampling epochs. Lactate in particular is largely provided to extracellular fluid and then to neurons from astrocytes after metabolism of glucose via glycolysis and/or breakdown of glycogen stores. Note first that glucose levels decreased during alternation testing, as shown before with microdialysis methods. Note also that lactate levels increased during testing, mirroring the changes in glucose. Not shown here, pharmacological manipulations that block and restore lactate availability impair and enhance memory, respectively. (From Newman et al., 2011.)