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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res Bull. 2013 Dec 25;0:46–60. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.12.007

Table 1.

Summary of pharmacological agents that enhance extinction.

Category of agent Agent Mechanism of action Species Route of administration Timing of administration relative to extinction Reference
Amino Acid Receptor Modulators
D-cycloserine NMDA receptor partial agonist human acute capsule before Ressler et al., 2004
D-cycloserine human acute oral powder before Kuriyama et al., 2011
D-cycloserine human acute capsule after Smits et al., 2013
D-cycloserine rat acute s.c. after Ledgerwood et al., 2005
D-cycloserine rat acute s.c. after Weber et al., 2007
D-cycloserine rat acute s.c. after Parnas et al., 2005
D-cycloserine rat acute i.p. after Toth et al., 2012
D-cycloserine rat acute s.c. before Bouton et al., 2008
D-cycloserine rat acute s.c. before Woods and Bouton, 2006
D-cycloserine rat acute: i.p., bilateral basolateral amygdala (BLA) before Walker et al., 2002
D-cycloserine rat acute bilateral BLA or LA before Mao, 2006
D-cycloserine rat acute i.p. before Yang and Lu, 2005
D-cycloserine rat subchronic bilateral dorsal hippocampus before Ren et al., 2013
D-cycloserine, picrotoxin picrotoxin: GABAA receptor antagonist rat acute bilateral infralimbic cortex before Chang and Maren, 2011
D-serine NMDA receptor agonist mouse acute i.p. before Matsuda et al., 2010
PEPA AMPA receptor potentiator mouse acute: i.p., bilateral mpfc, bilateral amygdala (subregion unspecified) before Zushida et al., 2007
bicuculline GABAA receptor antagonist rat acute bilateral or right BLA after Berlau and McGaugh, 2006
muscimol GABAA receptor agonist rat acute: bilateral infralimbic, bilateral BLA before for infralimbic, after for BLA Akirav et al., 2006
Monoamine Modulators
fluoxetine serotonin reuptake inhibitor rat chronic i.p. before Deschaux et al., 2011
fluoxetine rat chronic i.p. after Deschaux et al., 2012
fluoxetine rat chronic i.p. before Spennato et al., 2008
fluoxetine mouse chronic (in drinking water) before Karpova et al., 2011
yohimbine α2 adrenergic antagonist human acute capsule before Powers et al., 2009
yohimbine mouse acute s.c. before Cain, 2004
yohimbine rat acute i.p. before Janak and Corbit, 2010
yohimbine rat acute i.p. before Mueller et al., 2009
yohimbine rat acute i.p. before Morris and Bouton, 2007
norepinephrine adrenergic agonist rat acute bilateral or right BLA after Berlau and McGaugh, 2006b
isoproterenol nonselective β adrenergic agonist rat subchronic i.p. after Do-Monte et al., 2010
propranolol nonselective β adrenergic antagonist rat acute i.p. before Rodriguez-Romaguera et al., 2009
methylphenidate dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor mouse acute i.p. before or after Abraham et al., 2012
L-dopa dopamine precursor mouse acute i.p. after Haaker et al., 2013
tandospirone Serotonin (5HT1A) receptor agonist rat acute i.p. before and after Saito et al., 2012
Cholinergic, Cannabinoid, and Peptide Modulators
sulpiride dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist mouse acute i.p. before Ponnusamy et al., 2005
scopolamine cholinergic muscarinic antagonist rat acute i.p. before Zelikowsky et al., 2013
cannabidiol non-psychotomimetic cannabinoid human acute, inhaled after Das et al., 2013
synthetic THC cannabinoid (CB1) receptor agonist human acute, capsule before Rabinak et al., 2013
AM404 endocannabinoid breakdown (via enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)) and reuptake inhibitor rat acute i.p. before Chhatwal et al., 2005
AM404 or cannabidiol rat acute i.c.v. before Bitencourt et al., 2008
AM404 or WIN55212-2 WIN55212-2: CB1 agonist rat acute i.p. before Pamplona et al., 2008
WIN55212-2 rat acute i.p. before Pamplona et al., 2006
WIN55212-2 rat acute unilateral (left or right) infralimbic before Lin et al., 2009
AM3506 FAAH inhibitor mouse acute bilateral BLA or acute i.p. before Gunduz-Cinar et al., 2012
neuropeptide Y agonist at its own receptors (Y1 – Y5) rat acute unilateral (left or right) lateral ventricle before Lach and de Lima, 2013
neuropeptide Y rat acute left lateral ventricle before Gutman et al., 2008
neuropeptide S agonist at its own receptor (NPSR) mouse acute bilateral LA/BLA before Jungling et al., 2008
Steroid Hormone Modulators
cortisol agonist of steroid receptors human acute tablet before de Quervain et al., 2011
corticosterone agonist of steroid receptors mouse acute i.p. before Brinks et al., 2009
dexamethasone (by itself or with D-cycloserine) agonist of steroid receptors rat acute i.p. before Yang et al., 2007
dexamethasone rat acute i.p. before Yang et al., 2006
RU28362 glucocorticoid receptor agonist rat acute bilateral BLA before Yang et al., 2006
estrogen and/or progesterone agonists of their endogenous receptors rat (females in metestrus) acute s.c. before Milad et al., 2009
diarylpropionitrile estrogen receptor B (ERB) agonist rat (ovariectomized) two i.p. injections before Chang et al., 2009
diarylpropionitrile or estradiol rat (ovariectomized) acute bilateral dorsal hippocampus before Chang et al., 2009
Other Modulators
valproic acid or sodium butyrate histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors mouse acute i.p. before Bredy et al., 2007
sodium butyrate mouse acute s.c. before Lattal et al., 2007
trichostatin A HDAC inhibitor mouse acute bilateral dorsal hippocampus before Lattal et al., 2007
valproic acid mouse acute i.p. before Bredy and Barad, 2008
valproic acid mouse repeated i.p. injections after Heinrichs et al., 2013
vorinostat HDAC inhibitor rat acute i.p. after Matsumoto et al., 2013
RGFP966 HDAC3 inhibitor mouse acute s.c. after Malvaez et al., 2013
SPV106 activator of p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) mouse acute i.p. before or after Wei et al., 2012
fibroblast growth factor-2 agonist of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 rat acute s.c. before or after Graham and Richardson, 2009
fibroblast growth factor-2 rat acute s.c. after Graham and Richardson, 2010
fibroblast growth factor-2 rat acute bilateral BLA after Graham and Richardson, 2011
magnesium-L-threonate multifunctional biological activity rat chronic, drinking water before Abumaria et al., 2011
XE-991 M-type K+ channel blocker rat acute, principally unilateral infralimbic cortex before Santini and Porter, 2010
7,8 dihydroxyflavone TrkB agonist mouse acute i.p. before Andero et al., 2011

Only agents that enhanced extinction, either within session or during subsequent retrieval or renewal tests, are included. If route of administration indicates a brain structure, this means the drug was infused into that structure. Abbreviations: intraperitoneal (i.p.), subcutaneous (s.c.), basolateral amygdala (BLA), lateral amygdala (LA).