Table 3.
Multivariate linear regression of subscales of HADS and NEI VFQ-25 according to the comprehension of patients with glaucoma
| Knowledge of glaucoma |
Compliance |
Habits |
Total comprehension |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subscale | β Coefficient (SE) | p Value | β Coefficient (SE) | p Value | β Coefficient (SE) | p Value | β Coefficient (SE) | p Value |
| HADS-A | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.0 (0.0) | 0.471 | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.238 | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.986 | −0.0 (0.0) | 0.405 |
| Model 2 | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.168 | −0.2 (0.1) | 0.058 | −0.2 (0.1) | 0.174 | −0.1 (0.0) | 0.040 |
| Model 3 | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.244 | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.085 | −0.1 (0.1) | 0.258 | −0.1 (0.0) | 0.074 |
| HADS-D | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.5 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 | −1.1 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.3 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | −0.3 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.4 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.2 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | −0.2 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.3 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.7 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.2 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| HADS | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.5 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.8 (0.1) | <0.001 | −1.1 (0.2) | <0.001 | −0.4 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | −0.3 (0.1) | 0.002 | −0.5 (0.2) | <0.001 | −0.9 (0.2) | <0.001 | −0.3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | −0.3 (0.1) | 0.008 | −0.5 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.8 (0.2) | <0.001 | −0.3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| General health | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.154 | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.135 | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.500 | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.128 |
| Model 2 | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.259 | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.242 | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.358 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.145 |
| Model 3 | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.463 | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.355 | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.542 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.306 |
| General vision | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.9 (0.3) | <0.001 | 1.5 (0.4) | <0.001 | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.004 | 0.6 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.001 | 1.4 (0.4) | <0.001 | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.007 | 0.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.012 | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.002 | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.030 | 0.6 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Ocular pain | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.597 | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.859 | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.872 | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.685 |
| Model 2 | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.222 | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.883 | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.428 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.303 |
| Model 3 | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.590 | −0.1 (0.4) | 0.798 | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.662 | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.732 |
| Near activity | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 2.0 (0.4) | <0.001 | 3.0 (0.6) | <0.001 | 3.1 (0.8) | <0.001 | 1.3 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.5 (0.4) | <0.001 | 2.2 (0.6) | <0.001 | 2.5 (0.9) | 0.004 | 1.2 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.006 | 1.8 (0.6) | 0.001 | 1.9 (0.8) | 0.017 | 0.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Distance activity | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1.7 (0.3) | <0.001 | 2.7 (0.5) | <0.001 | 3.5 (0.8) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.003 | 2.1 (0.6) | <0.001 | 3.3 (0.9) | <0.001 | 1.2 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.030 | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.002 | 2.6 (0.8) | <0.001 | 0.9 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Social function | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.067 | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.021 | 1.1 (0.6) | 0.069 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.019 |
| Model 2 | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.049 | 1.2 (0.5) | 0.013 | 1.8 (0.7) | 0.008 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.205 | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.035 | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.032 | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.020 |
| Mental health | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.853 | −0.1 (0.4) | 0.834 | −0.1 (0.6) | 0.847 | −0.0 (0.2) | 0.984 |
| Model 2 | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.337 | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.766 | 0.9 (0.7) | 0.177 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.267 |
| Model 3 | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.617 | −0.0 (0.5) | 0.956 | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.350 | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.577 |
| Role difficulties | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.985 | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.880 | −0.4 (0.8) | 0.622 | −0.0 (0.2) | 0.865 |
| Model 2 | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.066 | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.266 | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.387 | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.066 |
| Model 3 | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.200 | 0.4 (0.6) | 0.451 | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.676 | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.225 |
| Dependency | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.074 | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.773 | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.636 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.304 |
| Model 2 | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.217 | −0.7 (0.6) | 0.253 | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.397 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.618 |
| Model 3 | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.288 | −0.7 (0.6) | 0.230 | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.406 | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.716 |
| Colour vision | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.006 | 1.3 (0.5) | 0.007 | 1.9 (0.7) | 0.006 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.024 | 1.3 (0.6) | 0.016 | 2.4 (0.8) | 0.002 | 0.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.080 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.036 | 2.1 (0.8) | 0.007 | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.005 |
| Peripheral vision | ||||||||
| Model 1 | −0.2 (0.3) | 0.489 | 0.0 (0.4) | 0.965 | −0.2 (0.6) | 0.723 | −0.1 (0.2) | 0.641 |
| Model 2 | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.373 | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.189 | 1.2 (0.7) | 0.066 | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.098 |
| Model 3 | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.885 | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.417 | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.215 | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.414 |
| Composite score | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.003 | 0.9 (0.3) | 0.008 | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.032 | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.002 |
| Model 2 | 0.7 (0.3) | 0.005 | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.016 | 1.4 (0.5) | 0.004 | 0.5 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.045 | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.051 | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.019 | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.006 |
Comprehension of glaucoma, compliance, habits and total comprehension were independent variables in the models. Model 1: crude; model 2: adjustment for age, gender, educational level, living status, marital status, duration of glaucoma, type of glaucoma, medication, past laser treatment and past surgical treatment; model 3: further adjustment for best corrected visual acuity of worse-seeing eye, higher intraocular pressure in both eyes, and mean deviation of visual field in worse-seeing eye based on model 2.
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; NEI VFQ-25, 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire.