Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants (African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension), Overall and by Group, Chicago, Illinois, 2009–2010.
| Characteristic | All Participants (N = 61) | LIFE Intervention (n = 30) | Control Group (n = 31) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 54.1 (10.0) | 53.4 (11.4) | 54.8 (8.5) |
| Female, n (%) | 41 (67.2) | 18 (60.0) | 23 (74.2) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Less than high school | 16 (26.2) | 7 (23.3) | 9 (29.0) |
| High school graduate | 27 (44.3) | 16 (53.4) | 11 (35.5) |
| Some college | 14 (23.0) | 4 (13.3) | 10 (32.3) |
| College graduate | 4 (6.5) | 3 (10.0) | 1 (3.2) |
| Income, n (%), $ | |||
| <10,000 | 30 (49.2) | 13 (43.4) | 17 (54.8) |
| 10,000–19,999 | 14 (23.0) | 9 (30.0) | 5 (16.1) |
| 20,000–35,000 | 10 (16.4) | 4 (13.3) | 6 (19.4) |
| >35,000 | 6 (9.8) | 3 (10.0) | 3 (9.7) |
| Don’t know | 1 (1.6) | 1 (3.3) | 0 |
| Physical measures | |||
| Weight, mean (SD), lb | 217.6 (47.4) | 215.9 (54.0) | 219.4 (40.8) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 35.6 (6.3) | 35.3 (6.5) | 35.9 (6.3) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 135.8 (21.4) | 136.7 (23.0) | 134.9 (20.2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 79.6 (12.7) | 82.0 (13.7) | 77.3 (11.4) |
| Uncontrolled blood pressure, n (%) | 18 (29.5) | 8 (26.7) | 10 (32.3) |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mean (SD), % | 7.7 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.6) | 7.4 (1.6) |
| Hemoglobin A1c >8.0%, n (%) | 16 (26.2) | 9 (30) | 7 (22.5) |
| Low rates of adherence to medicationsa, n (%) | 43 (72.9) | 21 (70.0) | 22 (75.9) |
| Health measures | |||
| Age at diabetes diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 45.4 (10.3) | 45.0 (11.4) | 45.8 (9.3) |
| Takes oral medications for diabetes, n (%) | 50 (82.0) | 24 (80.0) | 26 (83.9) |
| Uses insulin for diabetes, n (%) | 26 (42.6) | 13 (43.3) | 13 (41.9) |
| Dietary measures, mean (SD)b | |||
| Dietary intake, kcal/d | 2,287.0 (1,741.5) | 2,386.5 (2,035.7) | 2,190.9 (1,430.1) |
| Dietary sodium intake, mg/d | 4,099.2 (3,010.4) | 4,147.0 (3,371.7) | 4,053.0 (2,672.9) |
| Fat intake, % of total intake | 39.8 (6.1) | 40.0 (6.2) | 39.7 (6.2) |
| Protein intake, % of total intake | 17.5 (3.7) | 17.4 (3.2) | 17.7 (4.2) |
| Carbohydrate intake, mean (SD), % of total intake | 42.7 (6.8) | 42.6 (6.6) | 42.6 (7.1) |
| Physical activity, mean (SD), kcal/wkc | |||
| Total activity | 4,502.1 (3,592.6) | 3,943.7 (2,679.8) | 5,127.5 (4,371.9) |
| Moderate/vigorous activity | 1,714.6 (2,210.6) | 1,386.0 (1,665.6) | 2,082.7 (2,683.3) |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Smoker | 18 (30.0) | 12 (40.0) | 6 (20.0) |
| Arthritis | 33 (54.1) | 13 (43.3) | 20 (64.5) |
| Depression | 20 (32.8) | 12 (40.0) | 8 (25.8) |
| Treatment for depression | 16 (26.2) | 10 (33.3) | 6 (19.4) |
| Nutrition knowledge, mean % of correct answersd | 60 (15) | 57 (19) | 63 (11) |
| Performed diabetes self-care activities, no. of days in past week e | |||
| General diet | 3.3 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.8) | 3.5 (2.0) |
| Specific diet | 3.6 (1.9) | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.5 (1.9) |
| Exercise | 2.5 (2.0) | 2.5 (2.0) | 2.6 (2.0) |
| Glucose testing | 3.5 (1.8) | 3.6 (2.1) | 3.4 (1.4) |
Abbreviations: LIFE, Lifestyle Improvement through Food and Exercise; SD, standard deviation.
a
Assessed by using the 4-item Morisky Medication-Taking Adherence Scale (24). A low rate of adherence was defined as answering yes to any of the 4 items (eg, Do you ever forget to take your medicine?).
b
Assessed by using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (21), which estimated usual intake of 110 food items during the previous 3 months.
c
Assessed as caloric expenditure per week by using a CHAMPS (Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors) physical activity questionnaire modified for use among African Americans (20).
d
Assessed by using questions adapted from the Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (23).