Table 2. Mean Change in Study Variables From Baseline to 6 Months, By Group, for African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension, Chicago, Illinois, 2009–2010.
| Measure | LIFE Intervention (n = 26) | Control Group (n = 29) | Difference (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical measures | ||||
| Weight, kg | −2.8 | −1.1 | −1.8 (−4.3 to 0.8) | .17 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | −0.5 | 0.1 | −0.6 (−1.2 to 0.1) | .10 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | −3.6 | 0.1 | −3.7 (−15.8 to 8.4) | .54 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | −2.7 | 1.0 | −3.7 (−10.0 to 2.7) | .26 |
| Performed diabetes self-care activities, no. of days in past weeka | ||||
| General diet | 2.3 | 0.5 | 1.9 (0.6 to 3.1) | <.001 |
| Specific diet | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 (0.2 to 2.2) | .02 |
| Exercise | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 (−0.4 to 2.0) | .17 |
| Glucose testing | 0.4 | −0.3 | 0.8 (−0.3 to 1.9) | .15 |
| Dietary measuresb | ||||
| Dietary intake, mean (SD), kcal/d | −109.8 | −247.9 | 138.1 (−676.2 to 952.3) | .74 |
| Dietary sodium, mg/d | −171.3 | −475.9 | 304.6 (−1,005.1 to 1,614.0) | .64 |
| Protein intake, % of total intake, percentage point | 1.3 | −1.1 | 2.4 (0.7 to 4.2) | .01 |
| Carbohydrate intake, % of total intake, percentage point | 0.7 | 1.7 | −0.9 (−4.6 to 2.9) | .64 |
| Fat intake, % total intake, percentage point | −2.0 | −0.4 | −1.6 (−4.8 to 1.8) | .34 |
| Vegetables, servings/d | 1.3 | −0.4 | 1.7 (−0.01 to 3.3) | .05 |
| Fiber, g/d | 2.1 | −2.3 | 4.4 (−1.9 to 10.8) | .16 |
| Cholesterol, mg/d | −6.5 | −53.0 | 46.5 (−77.1 to 170.1) | .45 |
| Potassium, mg/d | 92.9 | −375.6 | 468.5 (−467.1 to 1,404.2) | .32 |
| Physical activity, kcal/wkc | 1,913.6 | −603.4 | 2,517.1 (590.3 to 4,443.8) | .01 |
| Nutrition knowledged, mean % correct answers, percentage point | 18.0 | 7.6 | 10.4 (2.3 to 18.4) | .01 |
Abbreviations: LIFE, Lifestyle Improvement Through Food and Exercise; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.
Assessed by using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities measure (22). Reference values derived from 7 studies of white adult type 2 diabetes patients are as follows: general diet, 4.1 days; specific diet, 4.7 days; exercise, 2.4 days; glucose testing, 4.8 days (27).
Assessed by using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire (21), which estimated usual intake of 110 food items during the previous 3 months.
Assessed as caloric expenditure per week by using a CHAMPS (Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors) physical activity questionnaire modified for use among African Americans (20).
Assessed by using questions adapted from the Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (23).