. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 9.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2014 Mar 3;114(7):3659–3853. doi: 10.1021/cr400327t

Table 28.

Multicopper oxidase subgroups and their proposed functionalities.

Multicopper Oxidase subgroups	Proposed Functionalities
Plant laccases	wound healing⁷³⁸
	lignin formation⁷³⁹
	flavonoid oxidation⁷⁴⁰
	cell wall formation⁷⁴¹
Fungal laccases	lignin degradation⁷⁴²
	pathogenesis⁷⁴³
	detoxification⁷⁴³
	fungal development and morphogenesis⁷⁴³
Prokaryotic laccases	melanin formation^744,745
	resistance against UV-light^744,745
	resistance against hydrogen peroxide^744,745
Insect laccases	cuticle formation⁷⁴⁶
Ascorbate Oxidase	plant growth⁷⁴⁷
	terminal oxidase in electron transport chain⁷⁴⁸
	plant defense against insects⁷⁴⁹
	hyperoxia prevention⁷⁵⁰
Bilirubin Oxidase	lignin degradation⁷⁵¹
Ferroxidases	iron metabolism-including iron transport⁷⁵²
(Fet3p, ceruloplasmin)	copper homeostasis⁷⁵³
Cuprous Oxidase (CueO)	copper homeostasis⁷⁵⁴
	antioxidant activity⁷⁵⁵
Manganese Oxidase	manganese oxidation⁷⁵⁶