Table 2.
Univariate generalized linear mixed-effects model analyses of factors associated with level of monthly income among Vancouver based injection drug users
| Characteristic | Low vs. Lowest
|
Moderate vs. Lowest
|
High vs. Lowest
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p - value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p - value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p - value | |
| Older age (Per year older) | 1.06 (1.04 – 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01 – 1.03) | 0.004 | 0.95 (0.94 – 0.97) | <0.001 |
| Female sex (Yes vs. no) | 1.05 (0.81 – 1.35) | 0.730 | 0.93 (0.72 – 1.19) | 0.551 | 1.55 (1.12 – 2.16) | 0.009 |
| Aboriginal ancestry (Yes vs. no) | 0.90 (0.70 – 1.17) | 0.426 | 0.78 (0.60 – 1.00) | 0.054 | 0.97 (0.69 – 1.36) | 0.837 |
| Unstable housing† (Yes vs. no) | 0.99 (0.81 – 1.21) | 0.932 | 1.10 (0.90 – 1.34) | 0.362 | 2.17 (1.74 – 2.72) | <0.001 |
| Sex work† (Yes vs. no) | 1.08 (0.77 – 1.50) | 0.669 | 2.49 (1.83 – 3.40) | <0.001 | 7.55 (5.38 – 10.6) | <0.001 |
| Drug dealing† (Yes vs. no) | 1.03 (0.78 – 1.35) | 0.853 | 2.25 (1.75 – 2.89) | <0.001 | 5.08 (3.91 – 6.60) | <0.001 |
| Regular employment† (Yes vs. no) | 0.66 (0.43 – 1.01) | 0.055 | 2.21 (1.55 – 3.15) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.39 – 3.12) | <0.001 |
| Daily heroin injection† (Yes vs. no) | 0.63 (0.51 – 0.79) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.07 – 1.64) | 0.009 | 4.39 (3.51 – 5.50) | <0.001 |
| Daily cocaine injection† (Yes vs. no) | 1.05 (0.83 – 1.31) | 0.696 | 1.43 (1.14 – 1.78) | 0.002 | 2.52 (1.99 – 3.20) | <0.001 |
| Daily crack smoking† (Yes vs. no) | 1.01 (0.81 – 1.25) | 0.960 | 1.34 (1.09 – 1.66) | 0.007 | 4.22 (3.34 – 5.32) | <0.001 |
| Syringe sharing† (Yes vs. no) | 0.98 (0.80 – 1.20) | 0.870 | 1.23 (1.01 – 1.50) | 0.038 | 1.05 (0.85 – 1.31) | 0.657 |
| Binge drug use† (Yes vs. no) | 0.94 (0.76 – 1.17) | 0.575 | 1.61 (1.31 – 1.98) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.50 – 2.34) | <0.001 |
| Non-fatal overdose† (Yes vs. no) | 0.89 (0.68 – 1.17) | 0.407 | 1.15 (0.89 – 1.50) | 0.286 | 1.25 (0.94 – 1.65) | 0.119 |
| Addiction treatment† (Yes vs. no) | 1.19 (0.97 – 1.46) | 0.101 | 0.92 (0.75 – 1.13) | 0.435 | 0.46 (0.37 – 0.58) | <0.001 |
| HIV positive (Yes vs. no) | 3.73 (2.87 – 4.85) | <0.001 | 2.89 (2.22 – 3.76) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.84 – 1.67) | 0.334 |
The four categories of monthly income were defined by non-fixed quartiles for each follow-up. The generalized linear mixed-effects models included data from December 1 1999 to December 30 2004.
†
Activities or situations referring to the previous 6 months
‡
Activities or situations referring to the previous month