Table 1.

Descriptive information for each study included in the scoping review

First author (Year)	Main theme	Area of practice	Target population	Study design	Intervention/approach	Main findings	Theory described	Theory integrated
Abad-Corpa (2010)[44]	Design of a KT activity/intervention (to improve EBP in nurses and outcomes in patient)	Primary health care setting	- Nurses	Mixed (qualitative approach, quantitative analysis)	Focus groups (reviewed articles, videos, field diaries, statistics)	-Psycho-social adjustment	Yes	yes
			- Patients (with compromised immune system)
						-Satisfaction with nursing
						-Family burden
Adler (2002)[46]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	N/A	Focus on Physicians involved in research	Qualitative	Review of the literature and history of science	Reflection on the type of evidences to use in health research	Yes	N/A
Appleton (2002)[47]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	N/A	Focus on Health services researchers	Qualitative	Review of the types of philosophical approaches and reflection on the implication for practice	Philosophical underpinnings of constructivism and relevance to researchers in health services	Yes	N/A but links with health research emphasized
Carr (2005)[54]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	N/A	Focus on nurses	Qualitative	Reflective/guidance elaboration	The interpretive paradigm provides one means of voicing nursing knowledge.	Briefly	N/A
Caley (2010)[38]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Health and human services organization	Health and Human service professionals	Intervention	Workshop on alcohol dependence screening, survey	Number of interventions implemented	Yes	Yes
Cronin (2007)[45]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Education (post-graduate training of health care professionals)	Post-graduate health promotion education	Intervention	Workshop on experiential learning, reflective practice, satisfaction survey	Student satisfaction	Yes in part	Yes
Daley (2001)[39]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Education (post-graduate training of health care professionals)	Social workers, lawyers, nurses, educators	Intervention	Post-graduate course followed by survey	Identification of key components that made knowledge useful	Yes	Yes
Fagan(1998)[62]	To better understand clients, and their experiences/realities	Primary health care setting	Emergency nurses	Qualitative	Questionnaire	Perception of nurses regarding their roles in identifying child abuse	No	No
Fairweather (2000)[61]	Learning in promoting professional expertise	Primary health care setting	Specialist nurses	Qualitative	Focus groups	Roles and attributes of specialist vs generalist nursing	Yes	Yes in part
Felton (2003)[76]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	Community services	Mental health, social services, community services, hospital administrators involved in shelters and housing accessibility	Qualitative	Interview	Consensus on system-level concerns regarding involvement of outside agency in ‘Housing first’ projects	Yes	Yes
Field (2004)[55]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	N/A	Focus on Nurses	Qualitative	Literature review	Importance of context in learning and difficulty of transferring knowledge to different context	Yes	N/A
Fonville (2002)[53]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Primary health care setting	Nurse executives	Qualitative	Interview	Nursing are more loyal to their professional than their organizational entity, unaware of ethics principles, need for reflective learning.	Yes in part	Yes
Greenhalgh (2006)[65]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Education (post-graduate training of health care professionals)	Senior professionals: senior partners in general practice, postgraduate tutors, service managers	Online course	Student Course Evaluation	Web-based learning offers potential for students to engage in rich and effective construction of knowledge.	Briefly	No
Greenslade (2010)[63]	To better understand clients, and their experiences/realities	Primary health care setting (same-day surgery)	Breast cancer surgery patients	Qualitative	Interview	Follow-up visit for assessment, education, and psychosocial support recommended.	No	No
Higgs (1995)[56]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	N/A	Focus on Physical Therapists	Qualitative	Literature review	Knowledge is an active and dynamic phenomenon undergoing constant changes and testing	Yes	N/A
Holtslander (2008)[77]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	N/A	Focus on palliative nurses	Qualitative	Reflective paper	Exposition of the ways to acquire knowledge and the nursing model in palliative setting	Briefly	N/A
Hoshmand (1992)[52]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	N/A	Focus on psychological Sciences	Qualitative	Literature review	Emphasis on broadened choices of research methods, the development of reflective skills, and better linkage between teaching in the domains of research and practice are urged.	yes	N/A
Hunter (2008)[40]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Education (post-graduate training of health care professionals)	Nurses	Intervention	Course and Student Course Evaluation and students’ cultural competence levels evaluations	Students’ comments were all positive or politely constructive, their competency increased.	Yes	Yes
Kinsella (2010)[57]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	N/A	Focus on practice in nursing, health and social care professions	Qualitative	Reflective paper	Discerning philosophical underpinnings of reflective practice to advance increasingly coherent interpretations	Yes	N/A
Labonte (1996)[48]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	N/A	Focus on health promotion	Qualitative	Literature review	A ‘constructivist’ research paradigm has the potential to resolve some of the tensions between research and practice in health promotion	Yes	N/A
Lipman (2005)[59]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Primary health care setting	Physicians researchers in anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation	Qualitative	Interviews	Implementing research evidence is more complex than in suggested in current models of evidence-based medicine	Yes	No
Lyddon (2006)[78]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Focuses on counselling (mental health services)	Focus on Psychology	Qualitative	Literature review / reflection	Emerging research strategy in self confrontation method, proven to be a useful procedure for practitioners in counseling settings	Yes	Yes
McGuckin (2006)[58]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Not expressed, but most probably mental health services since focus is on psychiatry	Focus on Psychiatry	Qualitative	Literature review / reflection	An eclectic approach that combines elements of the directed approach and the constructivist approach seems warranted	Yes	N/A
McWilliam (2009)[79]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	Home care programs	Service providers, case managers, administrators, researchers	Qualitative	Action groups to implement KT through social interaction	Sharing accountability for implementation is challenging for achievement-oriented researchers and quality health care practitioners	Yes	Yes
Miller (2002)[50]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	Not expressed, but most probably mental health services since focus is on psychiatry	Focus on trauma- psychiatry researchers	Qualitative	Literature review / reflection	social constructivism can serve as a bridge between researchers and practitioners by refocusing research efforts to the needs of war-affected communities	Yes	N/A
Neimeyer (1998)[80]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Mental health services since focus is on psychiatry	Focus on Psychology-counselling services	Qualitative	Reflection on the literature	Discusses the theories of SC that may support the importation of this theory into the counselling context	Yes	N/A
Plack (2005)[49]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	N/A	Focus on Physical Therapy	Qualitative	Literature review	PT research should shift its focus from mainly positivism to include constructivism and critical theory for practitioners to better use the evidence	Yes	N/A
Rogal (2008)[41]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Education (post-graduate training of nurses)	Graduate nurses in a Problem-based learning session	Intervention	Course and Satisfaction about education program	Step-by-step guide of constructing a problem based learning package for large, single session groups	Yes	Yes
Rogers (2011)[64]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Primary health care setting	Surgeons and Nurses in OR teams	Qualitative	Focus groups on team conflict	Source of conflict are mainly task-related and concern equipment needs and scheduling. Misattribution and harsh language cause conflict transformation	Very little	Yes
Rolloff (2006)[81]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Education (professional training of nurses)	Focus on Nurses	Qualitative	Literature review	A constructivist approach to the baccalaureate nursing curriculum for evidence based practice	Yes	Sometimes referred to
Smith (2007)[42]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Primary health care setting	Nurses	Intervention	Compare 2 instructional design strategies in pain management	Constructivist design took more time, no difference between constructivist and traditional design, learner satisfaction with online experience	Yes	Yes
Schluter (2011)[60]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Primary health care setting	Medical and surgical nurses	Qualitative	Interviews	Limits of scope of practice between different nursing practices	Yes	Yes
Tilleczek (2005)[43]	Design of a KT activity/intervention	Education (post-graduate training of health care professionals)	Nurses	Intervention	Online course and survey	Increased knowledge and skills, confidence in daily practice. Learners appreciated flexibility of online learning	Yes	No
Varpio (2006)[82]	Acquisition, expression and application of knowledge for professional practice	Primary health care setting	Physicians and nurses, both novice and experts using electronic patient records	Qualitative	Non participant observation and interviews	Electronic patient records were printed and the information modified, as it did not facilitate professional work activities.	No	No
Wilson (2000)[51]	Meaning of ‘evidence’, tension between research and practice	N/A	Focus on biomedicine	Qualitative	Literature review / reflection	Biomedicine model, debate of effectiveness of objectivism approach in health care vs. subjectivist model, which includes the new emerging theory of SC	Yes	Yes