Table 3.
Pregnancy outcomes in relation to anti-malarial exposure status in first trimester
|
Variables |
Outcomes |
Crude OR |
P
μ
|
Adjusted OR
α
|
P
μ
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
(95% CI) |
(95%CI) |
|||
|
Birth outcome |
MC/SB |
Live birth |
|
|
|
|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| AL exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
13 (12.3) |
159 (9.5) |
1.3 (0.7 – 2.4) |
0.348 |
1.4 (0.8 – 2.5) |
0.295 |
| No |
93 (87.7) |
1518 (90.5) |
|
|
|
|
| Quinine exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
10 (9.4) |
68 (4.1) |
2.5 (1.2 – 4.9) |
0.011 |
2.5 (1.3 – 5.1) |
0.009 |
| No |
96 (90.6) |
1609 (95.9) |
|
|
|
|
| SP exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2 (1.9) |
64 (3.8) |
0.5 (0.1 – 2.0) |
0.318 |
0.5 (0.1 – 2.0) |
0.312 |
| No |
104 (98.1) |
1613 (96.2) |
|
|
|
|
| Amodiaquine exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
0 (0.0) |
11 (0.7) |
- (0) |
- |
- (0) |
- |
| No |
106 (100) |
1666 (99.3) |
|
|
|
|
| No anti-malarial exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
83 (78.3) |
1380 (82.3) |
0.8 (0.5 – 1.3) |
0.301 |
0.8 (0.5 – 1.2) |
0.260 |
| No |
23 (21.7) |
297 (17.7) |
|
|
|
|
|
Birth weight (grams) |
< 2500 |
≥ 2500 |
|
|
|
|
|
n (%) |
n (%) |
|||||
| AL exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
9 (11.1) |
150 (9.4) |
1.2 (0.6 – 2.5) |
0.608 |
1.2 (0.6 – 2.5) |
0.573 |
| No |
72 (88.9) |
1446 (90.6) |
|
|
|
|
| Quinine exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2 (2.5) |
66 (4.1) |
0.6 (0.1 – 2.4) |
0.463 |
0.6 (0.1 – 2.4) |
0.461 |
| No |
79 (97.5) |
1530 (95.9) |
|
|
|
|
| SP exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2 (2.5) |
62 (3.9) |
0.6 (0.2 – 2.6) |
0.520 |
0.7 (0.2 – 3.0) |
0.639 |
| No |
79 (97.5) |
1534 (96.1) |
|
|
|
|
| Amodiaquine exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
0 (0.0) |
11 (0.7) |
- (0) |
- |
- (0) |
- |
| No |
100 (100) |
1585 (99.3) |
|
|
|
|
| No anti-malarial exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
69 (85.2) |
1311 (82.1) |
1.3 (0.7 – 2.3) |
0.485 |
1.2 (0.6 – 2.3) |
0.564 |
| No |
12 (14.8) |
285 (17.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
Maturity status at birth |
Preterm |
Term |
|
|
|
|
|
n (%) |
n (%) |
|||||
| AL exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
10 (8.9) |
149 (9.5) |
0.9 (0.5 – 1.8) |
0.812 |
0.9 (0.5 – 1.8) |
0.865 |
| No |
103 (91.1) |
1415 (90.5) |
|
|
|
|
| Quinine exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
10 (8.9) |
58 (3.7) |
2.5 (1.3 – 5.1) |
0.010 |
2.6 (1.3 – 5.3) |
0.007 |
| No |
103 (91.1) |
1506 (96.3) |
|
|
|
|
| SP exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
7 (6.2) |
57 (3.6) |
1.7 (0.8 – 3.9) |
0.177 |
1.8 (0.8 – 4.1) |
0.160 |
| No |
106 (93.8) |
1507 (96.4) |
|
|
|
|
| Amodiaquine exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
0 (0.0) |
11 (0.7) |
- (0) |
- |
- (0) |
- |
| No |
113 (100) |
1553 (99.3) |
|
|
|
|
| No anti-malarial exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
88 (77.9) |
1292 (82.6) |
0.7 (0.5 – 1.2) |
0.205 |
0.7 (0.5 – 1.1) |
0.168 |
| No | 25 (22.1) | 272 (17.4) | ||||
Abbreviations: AL = Artemether-lumefantrine; MC = Miscarriage; SB = Stillbirth; SP = Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.
RR = Relative Risk; CI = Confidence Interval.
μ Estimated from the logistic regression model with Wald type P-value.
α Adjusted for age and parity.