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. 2014 Jun 2;8:56. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00056

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Copyright © 2014 Hasegawa, Mukai, Asashima, Hojo, Ikeda, Komatsuzaki, Ooishi and Kawato.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Induction of moderate LTP by weak-TBS stimulation after short incubation (~2 h) with activin in the CA1 of hippocampal slices. Slices with 0 ng/ml activin (control, open square, n = 10 slices, 10 rats), with 10 ng/ml activin (closed circle, n = 10 slices, 10 rats), with 10 ng/ml activin plus 100 ng/ml follistatin (closed triangle, n = 7 slices, 7 rats), with respectively. The number of independent experiments is indicated as n. Vertical axis indicates EPSP slope. Here, 100% refers to the EPSP slope value of the average of t = −10 to −1 min prior to weak-TBS stimulation. LTP was induced at time t = 0. Illustrated data points and error bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. from n of independent slices. (B) Co-incubation of activin with MAPK inhibitor PD98059 (20 μ M) prevented the induction of LTP (open circle, n = 7 slices, 7 rats). Co-incubation of activin with NR2B inhibitor Ro25-6981 (1 μ M) prevented the induction of LTP (open square, n = 7 slices, 7 rats). Activin-treated slices (closed circle, n = 10 slices, 10 rats). Maximal LTP by full-TBS is also shown (closed circle, n = 7, 7 rats). (C) Comparison of modulation effects by activin upon weak-TBS as shown in (A) and (B). From left to right; slices without drugs (Cont), with 10 ng/ml activin (Act), with activin plus follistatin (+Fol), activin plus PD98059 (+PD), activin plus Ro25-6981 (+Ro) and full-TBS (full-TBS). The significance yielded p < 0.05. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01. (D) Representative raw traces of EPSP, showing sample recordings prior to (black line) or after (gray line) weak-TBS stimulation. Control (0 ng/ml activin), Act (10 ng/ml activin), Act+ PD (activin plus PD98059), Act + Ro (activin plus Ro25-6981). EPSP trace for full-TBS is also shown.