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Schematic illustration of activin-induced spinogenesis via multiple kinase pathways. (A) Upon activation by activin receptor complex (ActR), early LTP is suppressed by anti-inflammatory action of activin. (B) After 2 h of ActR activation, PKA, PKC and MAPK may promote actin polymerization process, leading to the formation of new spines. (C) After 2 h of ActR activation, MAPK may phosphorylate NR2B of NMDA receptors, thereafter moderate LTP is induced upon weak-TBS.
