Table 1.

Thermal Properties of Tissue Used in Calculations^*

Tissue name	Thermal conductivity (W/m/°C)	Specific heat (J/kg/°C)	Metabolic rate (W/m3 second)	Blood perfusion coefficient (W/m3/°C)	Density (kg/m3)
Blood	0.493	3900	0	0	1058
Blood vessel	0.46	3553	1600	9000	1040
Body fluid	0.621	4155	0	0	1010
Bone (cancellous)	0.4	1300	590	3300	1920
Bone (cortical)	0.4	1300	610	3400	1990
Bone marrow	0.22	2700	5700	32000	1040
Cartilage	0.47	3500	1600	9000	1097
Cerebellum	0.57	3700	7100	37630	1038
CSF	0.62	4200	0	0	1007.2
Eye (aqueous humor)	0.6	4200	0	0	1008.9
Eye (cornea)	0.58	4200	0	0	1076
Eye (lens)	0.4	3000	0	0	1053
Eye (sclera)	0.58	4200	0	0	1026
Fat	0.25	2500	300	1700	916
Glands	0.53	3600	64000	57120	1050
Gray matter	0.57	3700	7100	45090	1038
Ligaments	0.31	2802	860	4830	1220
Lymph	0.49	3686	5650	31800	1040
Mucous membrane	0.43	3300	1600	9000	1040
Muscle	0.5	3600	480	3360	1046.9
Nerve	0.46	3500	7100	40000	1038
Skin/dermis	0.42	3500	1620	8065	1125
Tooth	0.5	1340	0	0	2160
White matter	0.5	3600	7100	15925	1038

^*Parameters and units used are consistent with representations of the Pennes Bioheat equation often used in electrical engineering literature (21).

CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.