Table 2.
Characteristics of smokers and nonsmokers
| Characteristics | Nonsmokers N = 229 | Smokers N = 827 | Smokers vs. Nonsmokers p value | Current Smokers N = 353 | Current Smokers vs. Nonsmokers p value | Past Smokers N = 474 | Past Smokers vs. Nonsmokers p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) ± SD | 55.9 ± 14.1 | 57.6 ± 12.3 | 0.09 | 52.2 ± 10.4 | 0.001 | 61.6 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| Race: Caucasian, n (%) | 193 (84.6) | 687 (83.6) | 0.39 | 287 (81.8) | 0.22 | 400 (84.9) | 0.50 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 207 (90.4) | 778 (94.1) | 0.04 | 331 (93.8) | 0.34 | 447 (94.3) | 0.16 |
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) ± SD | 30.2 ± 5.9 | 29.4 ± 5.5 | 0.07 | 28.8 ± 5.8 | 0.01 | 29.9 ± 5.2 | 0.99 |
| Heart burn, n (%) | 209 (91.7) | 747 (90.1) | 0.29 | 331 (93.2) | 0.99 | 416 (87.8) | 0.30 |
| Acid regurgitation, n (%) | 174 (76.7) | 603 (72.8) | 0.14 | 258 (72.5) | 0.79 | 345 (73.1) | 0.95 |
| Duration of heartburn >5 years, n (%) | 96 (45.1) | 466 (60.3) | <0.001 | 211 (61.9) | <0.001 | 255 (59.0) | 0.002 |
| PPI use, n (%) | 123 (53.7) | 433 (52.3) | 0.65 | 177 (50.1) | 0.99 | 256 (54.0) | 0.99 |
| Mean smoking Intensity ± SD (pack years) | 0 (0) | 34.02 ± 28.9 | <0.001 | 33.6 ± 24.4 | <0.001 | 35.6 ± 31.9 | <0.001 |
| Hiatal hernia, n (%) | 104 (46.0) | 415 (50.4) | 0.14 | 166 (47.3) | 0.99 | 249 (52.6) | 0.30 |
| Mean HH length(cm) ± SD | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 0.26 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 0.09 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 0.96 |
| BO, n (%) | 12 (5.2) | 141 (17.0) | <0.001 | 63 (17.7) | <0.001 | 78 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Mean BO length(cm) ± SD | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 2.0 ± 2.6 | 0.32 | 2.0 ± 2.8 | 0.68 | 2.0 ± 2.5 | 0.60 |
BMI: body mass index; BO: Barrett’s oesophagus; HH: hiatal hernia; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; SD: standard deviation.