Table 1. Calibrations and estimates in millions of years.
| Estimated ages (95% confidence intervals)§
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Node* | Calibrations age†, Myr | Refs.‡ | Node* | α = ∞ | α = 0.28 |
| 1 | Eocene (50) | 50, 51 | A | 526 (513, 558) | 567 (551, 586) |
| 2 | Early Jurassic (190) | 51, 52 | B | 519 | 548 (534, 564) |
| 3 | Late Permian (260) | 51, 53 | C | 538 (523, 554) | 580 (563, 598) |
| 4 | Early Ordovician (475) | 28, 54 | D | 542 (521, 565) | 599 (578, 621) |
| 5 | Early Ordovician (485) | 54, 55 | E | 560 (544, 593) | 623 (604, 643) |
| 6 | Miocene (20) | 56, 57 | F | 573 (556, 592) | 656 (636, 678) |
| 7 | Late Carboniferous (325) | 56, 57 | G | 548 (519, 579) | 595 (561, 626) |
| 8 | Early Ordovician (485) | 57, 58 | H | 615 (592, 643) | 724 (697, 756) |
| 9 | Early Cretaceous (120) | 19 | I | 653 (625, 684) | 832 (796, 880) |
| 10 | Middle Triassic (235) | 19 | J | 744 (705, 783) | 987 (940, 1,033) |
| 11 | Late Carboniferous (325) | 19 | K | 404 (370, 436) | 412 (381, 442) |
*
Numbered and lettered nodes from Fig. 3
†
Calibration points are derived from the first occurrence of a member of the crown group. For example, although Permian dipterans are known (19), it is unclear whether they are crown-group dipterans. The first unequivocal crown-group dipterans are Middle Triassic (19), and hence this was used as the calibration point. The 1999 Geological Time Scale (Geological Society of America, www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.htm.) was used for dates
‡
References are for both the age and the phylogenetic position of the node
§
Nodes where R8S could not converge on a solution for the 95% confidence intervals are left blank