Table 2.
Odds ratios from multinomial logistic regression of family income trajectory and early-life risk factors for BMI z-score trajectory classification
| |
Obese |
Become-overweight |
Overweight-stable |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
n = 69 |
n = 92 |
n = 119 |
|||||||||
| |
Unadjusted |
Adjusted
a
|
Unadjusted |
Adjusted
a
|
Unadjusted |
Adjusted
a
|
||||||
| OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | OR | CI | |
|
Income trajectory |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Persistent low-income |
2.26 |
0.87, 5.88 |
1.38 |
0.44, 4.33 |
1.61 |
0.69, 3.88 |
1.33 |
0.53, 3.33 |
3.00 |
1.51, 5.98 |
2.55 |
1.03, 5.42 |
| Downwardly-mobile |
2.99 |
1.51, 5.93 |
2.36 |
1.12, 5.77 |
1.22 |
0.61, 2.43 |
1.04 |
0.50, 2.18 |
0.95 |
0.48, 1.90 |
0.82 |
0.38, 1.79 |
| Upwardly-mobile |
1.62 |
0.74, 3.52 |
1.15 |
0.46, 2.92 |
0.73 |
0.33, 1.61 |
0.59 |
0.25, 1.39 |
0.89 |
0.45, 1.77 |
0.68 |
0.31, 1.50 |
| Not low-income |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
|
Maternal overweight/obesity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
7.02 |
3.57, 13.77 |
8.31 |
3.80, 18.2 |
2.85 |
1.69, 4.78 |
2.37 |
1.34, 4.22 |
1.59 |
1.00, 2.51 |
1.79 |
1.02, 3.14 |
| No |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
|
Gestational weight gain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Excessive |
1.21 |
0.67, 2.19 |
0.49 |
0.23, 1.05 |
2.37 |
1.28, 4.38 |
2.01 |
1.01, 4.00 |
0.82 |
0.50, 1.35 |
0.61 |
0.33, 1.12 |
| Inadequate |
0.56 |
0.28, 1.40 |
0.58 |
0.21, 1.66 |
1.53 |
0.70, 3.33 |
1.47 |
0.64, 3.37 |
0.54 |
0.27, 1.08 |
0.68 |
0.31, 1.50 |
| Adequate |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
|
Early-life rapid weight gain trajectory |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High-rising |
7.03 |
3.05, 16.22 |
5.42 |
2.18, 13.44 |
1.71 |
0.84, 3.49 |
1.64 |
0.77, 3.49 |
3.32 |
1.85, 5.96 |
3.87 |
2.07, 7.26 |
| Low-rising |
0.77 |
0.31, 1.95 |
0.50 |
0.19, 1.36 |
1.00 |
0.54, 1.89 |
0.90 |
0.46, 1.77 |
0.29 |
0.14, 0.58 |
0.30 |
0.15, 0.63 |
| Stable |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
|
Smoking during pregnancy
b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2.18 |
1.18, 4.03 |
- |
- |
0.84 |
0.42, 1.67 |
- |
- |
1.37 |
0.78, 2.39 |
- |
- |
| No |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.00 |
- |
|
Breastfeeding duration
b
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 2 months |
1.59 |
0.79, 3.20 |
- |
- |
1.09 |
0.59, 2.04 |
- |
- |
1.04 |
0.59, 1.84 |
- |
- |
| 2 to < 4 months |
1.23 |
0.48, 3.12 |
- |
- |
1.19 |
0.54, 2.64 |
- |
- |
0.82 |
0.38, 1.80 |
- |
- |
| 4 to < 8 months |
0.64 |
0.25, 1.63 |
- |
- |
0.64 |
0.29, 1.41 |
- |
- |
0.81 |
0.41, 1.57 |
- |
- |
| ≥ 8 months | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Reference category for BMI z-score trajectory is not-overweight (n = 315).
aMulitnomial logistic regression odds ratios are adjusted for multiparious, maternal age, sex of child, birth weight quartile, asthma medication use, ADD medicaiton use, antidepressant medication use, puberty status.
bSmoking during pregnancy was removed from the multivariate model because it was completely mediated by early-life rapid weight gain trajectory; breastfeeding was removed because it was not associated with BMI trajectories.
Bold denotes 95% CI for odds ratios that do not cross 1.