DON-induced growth suppression likely results from two parallel pathways based on this and prior studies (Amuzie et al., 2009; Amuzie and Pestka, 2010). First, anorexia resulting from DON-induced gut satiety hormone release could lead to decreases in growth hormone receptors (Clemmons and Underwood, 1991) and signaling, thus lowering plasma IGFALS. Second, growth hormone impairment caused by increased SOCS response to DON-induced proinflammatory cytokines, leads to depressed hepatic IGFALS mRNA and plasma IGFALS protein. Decreased plasma IGFALS destabilizes and reduces the half-life of binding partner IGF1 (Dai and Baxter, 1994), thus, leading to growth suppression.