TABLE 2.

Multiple linear regression models of visual acuity (better eye) in grade 4 and school performance assessed by the grade 4 nationwide examination

	Grade 4	Grade 3
Characteristics	Regression coefficient and 95% CI	Regression coefficient and 95% CI
Visual acuity in better eye	2.44 (−1.90, 6.79)	1.98 (−2.49, 6.46)
Gender, male versus female	−4.09 (−5.59, −.60)	−4.01 (−5.52, −2.51)
Ethnicity
Chinese	1.38 (−1.77, 4.54)	0.21 (−3.01, 3.44)
Malay	−3.23 (−6.72, 0.25)	−4.28 (−7.81, −0.75)
Other	–	–
School
1	1.91 (−0.41, 4.23)	2.12 (−0.18, 4.43)
2	0.27 (−1.65, 2.18)	0.47 (−1.46, 2.39)
3	–	–
Father’s educational level
1	−19.06 (−23.25, −14.87)	−19.30 (−23.56, −15.04)
2	−10.41 (−13.13, 27.69)	−10.89 (−13.64, 28.15)
3	−6.65 (−9.05, −4.24)	−7.19 (−9.62, −4.76)
4	−1.43 (−4.17, 1.31)	−1.44 (−4.19, 1.32)
5	–	–
Number of books read/week	0.48 (0.22, 0.74)	0.48 (0.22, 0.74)
Intellegence Quota (IQ) score	0.61 (0.55, 0.68)	0.60 (0.53, 0.66)

Note: Father’s Education Level, 1 = no education, 2 = primary education, 3 = secondary education, 4 = tertiary/diploma education, 5 = tertiary/university education. CI = Confidence interval.