TABLE 3.
Multiple linear regression models of visual acuity (categorical) (for better eye, visual acuity cut-off of 0.2) and school performance assessed by the grade 4 nationwide examination
| VA cut-off of 0.2 |
VA cut-off of 0.3 |
|
|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Regression coefficient and 95% CI |
Regression coefficient and 95% CI |
| Visual acuity | ||
| 1 | −0.41 (−3.16, 2.34) | −1.55 (−5.62, 2.51) |
| 2 | 1.28 (−2.08, 4.63) | −0.76 (−5.59, 4.07) |
| 3 | 0.37 (−3.20, 3.95) | −0.53 (−5.47, 4.40) |
| Gender, male versus female | −4.03 (−5.55, −2.51) | −4.06 (−5.58, −.54) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Chinese | 0.69 (−2.54, 3.92) | 0.65 (−2.58, 3.88) |
| Malay | −3.72 (−7.27, −0.17) | −3.77 (−7.32, 0.22) |
| Other | – | – |
| School | ||
| 1 | 1.72 (−0.63, 4.07) | 1.20 (−0.60, 4.11) |
| 2 | 0.42 (−1.51, 2.36) | 0.41 (−1.52, 2.34) |
| 3 | – | 2 |
| Father’s educational level | ||
| 1 | −19.01 (−23.28, −14.74) | −19.01 (−23.28, 14.74) |
| 2 | −10.66 (−13.44, −7.88) | −10.67 (−13.45, −7.89) |
| 3 | −7.06 (−9.53, −4.58) | −6.96 (−9.43, −4.49) |
| 4 | −1.69 (−4.48, 1.11) | −1.69 (−4.48, 1.11) |
| 5 | – | – |
| Number of books read/week | 0.49 (0.23, 0.75) | 0.48 (0.22, 0.74) |
| Intellegence Quota (IQ) score | 0.62 (0.55, 0.68) | 0.61 (0.55, 0.68) |
Note: Father’s Education Level, 1 = no education, 2 = primary education, 3 = secondary education, 4 = tertiary/diploma education, 5 = tertiary/university education. Visual Acuity for the better eye (VA), 1 = good VA in Grades 3 and 4, 2 = poor VA in Grade 3 and good VA in Grades 4, 3 = good VA in Grade 3 and poor VA in Grades 4, 4 = poor VA in Grades 3 and 4, good VA = less than 0.2, poor VA = greater than 0.2.
CI = Confidence interval.