Table 2.
Changes in cardiovascular risk factors
| Baseline (n = 97) | 3 months (n = 94) | 2 years (n = 77) | p-value (baseline to 3 months) | p-value (baseline to 2 years) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Traditional risk factors
| |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) |
4.93 ± 1.11 |
4.28 ± 1.11 |
4.54 ± 1.29 |
<0.001 |
0.007 |
| Low density lipoproteins (mmol/l) |
2.79 ± 1.11 |
1.96 ± 1.01 |
2.40 ± 1.11 |
<0.001 |
0.008 |
| High density lipoproteins (mmol/l) |
1.14 ± 0.36 |
1.26 ± 0.34 |
1.24 ± 0.36 |
<0.001 |
0.001 * |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) |
1.86 |
1.46 |
1.64 |
<0.001 |
0.205 |
| |
(1.31 – 2.66) |
(1.06 – 2.23) |
(1.27 -2.52) |
|
|
| ApoA1 (g/l) |
1.43 ± 0.22 |
1.46 ± 0.23 |
- |
0.065 |
- |
| ApoB (g/l) |
0.94 ± 0.23 |
0.81 ± 0.25 |
- |
<0.001 |
- |
| Blood pressure systolic (mmHg) |
154 ± 17 |
135 ± 12 |
139 ± 16 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 * |
| Blood pressure diastolic (mmHg) |
90 ± 9 |
82 ± 8 |
86 ± 16 |
<0.001 |
0.005 |
| HbA1c % (mmol/mol) |
8.2 ± 1.1 |
7.2 ± 0.9 |
7.7 ± 1.1 |
<0.001 |
0.001 |
| |
(66 ± 12) |
(54 ± 14) |
(61 ± 12) |
|
|
| Fasting blood glucose |
9.9 ± 2.7 |
8.1 ± 2.3 |
- |
<0.001 |
- |
| 2h blood glucose (mmol/l) |
18.2 ± 4.9 |
16.0 ± 4.5 |
|
<0.001 |
|
| BMI (kg/m2) |
31.8 ± 4.7 |
31.4 ± 5.3 |
31.2 ± 4.6 |
0.465 |
0.807 |
|
Biomarkers
| |||||
| RHI |
1.70 |
1.59 |
- |
0.072 |
- |
| |
(1.46 – 2.08) |
(1.38 – 1.94) |
|
|
|
| CD133 + VEGF-R2 (per 106 lymphomonocytes) |
15 |
17 |
- |
0.164 |
- |
| |
(7 – 28) |
(9-32) |
|
|
|
| ADMA (μM/L) |
0.625 ± 0.080 |
0.627 ± 0.075 |
- |
0.835 |
- |
| SDMA (μM/L) |
0.562 ± 0.131 |
0.599 ± 0.145 |
- |
0.001 |
- |
| hsCRP (mg/L) |
3.5 |
2.2 |
- |
<0.001 |
- |
| |
(2.1 – 5.9) |
(1.2 – 4.1) |
|
|
|
| NTproBNP (pg/mL) | 104.8 ± 121.7 | 97.7 ± 103.6 | - | 0.412 | - |
Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or, in the case of a skewed distribution, as medians (interquartile ranges).
NTproBNP = N-terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide; HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin A1c; HOMA–IR = Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; BMI = body mass index; ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA = symmetric dimethylarginine; hsCRP = high sensitivity C-reactive protein; RHI = Reactive hyperaemia Index; *p-value for trend ≤0.05.