Table 5A.

SAS: Statements addressing students’ self-assessed attitudes and abilities^a

	Pre average (SD)	Post average (SD)	Significance	ES
Decoding primary literature
Full semester	13.4 (2.7)	15.7 (2.0)	0.0001	1.0
Partial semester	13.3 (3.1)	15.0 (3.2)	0.0001	0.5
Private	14.2 (2.5)	16.2 (2.1)	0.0001	0.8
Public	12.8 (3.0)	14.7 (3.0)	0.0001	0.6
All institutions	13.3 (2.9)	15.3 (2.8)	0.0001	0.7
Interpreting data
Full semester	10.5 (1.1)	11.8 (1.6)	0.0001	0.7
Partial semester	10.6 (2.2)	11.2 (2.3)	ns	–
Private	11.0 (1.7)	11.9 (1.6)	0.0411	0.5
Public	10.3 (2.2)	11.9 (1.6)	0.0016	0.4
All institutions	10.5 (2.1)	11.4 (2.1)	0.0001	0.4
Active reading
Full semester	14.0 (1.7)	15.8 (1.9)	0.0001	1.0
Partial semester	14.1 (2.4)	15.8 (2.1)	0.0001	0.7
Private	14.7 (1.8)	16.4 (1.8)	0.0001	0.9
Public	13.7 (2.2)	15.4 (2.0)	0.0001	1.9
All institutions	14.1 (2.1)	15.8 (2.0)	0.0001	0.9
Visualization
Full semester	9.9 (2.2)	11.8 (1.4)	0.0001	1.1
Partial semester	10.1 (2.2)	12.0 (2.0)	0.0001	0.6
Private	10.1 (2.1)	12.0 (1.1)	0.0001	0.9
Public	9.9 (2.2)	11.3 (2.1)	0.0001	0.6
All institutions	10.0 (2.2)	11.5 (1.8)	0.0001	0.7
Thinking like a scientist
Full semester	10.7 (1.7)	12.5 (1.5)	0.0000	1.1
Partial semester	10.9 (2.1)	11.5 (2.1)	0.0285	0.3
Private	11.4 (1.7)	12.5 (1.3)	0.0012	0.6
Public	10.5 (1.9)	11.5 (2.1)	0.0001	0.4
All	10.9 (1.9)	11.9 (1.9)	0.0001	0.5

^aThe SAS comprises a subset of statements from the SAAB survey described in Hoskins et al. (2011). Survey responses were scored and summed in categories. We took “strongly disagree” = 1, “strongly agree” = 5. Some statements (e.g., “scientists usually know what the outcomes of their experiments will be” were reverse-scored for analysis. Significance calculated by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. p values are shown; those < 0.05 were considered significant. On statements addressing a sixth factor, “research in context,” no significant changes were seen in cohorts other than “All.” See Supplemental Material, SD 3a, for results of individual implementations.