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. 2014 Summer;13(2):265–284. doi: 10.1187/cbe.13-09-0192

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© 2014 A. P. Dasgupta et al. CBE—Life Sciences Education © 2014 The American Society for Cell Biology. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). It is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

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Figure 1. — The process for developing and validating the RED involved (A) a systematic review of the literature to identify experimental design difficulties documented by research, (B) testing three published assessments by looking at more than 1100 responses to see how well they probe for difficulties consistent with research on experimental design difficulties from the literature, and (C) recruiting four cohorts of students to take the assessments to develop a RED based on their responses to published assessments collected before and after an introductory biology course. The assessments are used with permission from: #, SRI International (2003) and the College Board (*, 2006; **, 2009).