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The PKA/CREB pathway is activated by S1P. Hep G2 cells were treated with 5 μM S1P with or without the presence of the PKA inhibitor H89 (15 μM). Expression levels of proteins were determined by western blot analysis. a Representative western blot analysis of phosphorylated CREB at Ser133; b Quantitative analysis of the relative level of p-CREB (n = 4, ANOVA, *P < 0.01 versus non-treatment group; # P < 0.01 versus S1P-treated group)
