Table 4.
Prevalence of pathogens identified in patients with CAP with HIV or COPD
| Aetiology | HIV | COPD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with pathogen identifieda | Episodes with pathogen identifieda | References | Patients with pathogen identifieda | References | ||
| Range (%) | Range (%) | Range (%) | ||||
| COPD | No COPD | |||||
| Gram-positive bacteria | ||||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 57.8–81.8 | 42.9–71.4 | [33–37] | 37.5–66.3 | 26.9–57.0 | [38, 40, 42] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 6.5 | 3.3 | [33, 36] | 1.1 | 0.8–3.2 | [38, 40, 42] |
| Gram-negative bacteria | ||||||
| Gram-negative enteric bacillib | 7.8 | 7.1–42.9 | [33, 34] | 16.7 | 3.1 | [40] |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 3.2–9.1 | 6.7–14.3 | [33–37] | 1.1–4.2 | 1.7–3.8 | [38, 40, 42] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 5.9 | 6.7 | [34, 36] | 2.1–7.4 | 0.9 | [38, 42] |
| Escherichia coli | – | 6.7 | [36] | 1.1–2.6 | 1.1–1.3 | [38, 42] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | – | 3.3 | [36] | 1.1 | 0.9 | [38, 42] |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | – | – | 2.1 | 0.4 | [40, 42] | |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | – | – | 2.1–4.2 | 3.4–23.1 | [38, 40, 42] | |
| Legionella pneumophila | 9.1–10.8 | 3.3 | [34–36] | 2.1–12.5 | 1.7–3.8 | [38, 40, 42] |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | – | – | 2.1–6.3 | 4.1–4.5 | [38, 40, 42] | |
| Coxiella burnetii | – | – | 2.1 | 1.5–3.4 | [38, 40] | |
| Virus | – | – | 4.2–13.7 | 2.8–12.5 | [38, 40, 42] | |
CAP community-acquired pneumonia; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
aPercentages are based on the number of patients/episodes in which pathogens were identified and data were available
bFor studies [33, 34, 40], Gram-negative enteric bacilli were grouped together and individual pathogens in this group were not reported separately