Table 2.
—Distribution of the Biomarkers Used in the Principal Component Analysis
| Biomarker | Units | TB (n = 44) | TB + Diabetes (n = 44) | Difference Between Mediansa | P Value |
| α2-Macroglobulin | ng/mL | 3,286 (2,748-4,024) | 3,513 (2,721-4,104) | 226.8 (−296 to 499) | .501 |
| Apotransferrin | ng/mL | 3.8 (2.6-6.5) | 4.1 (2.1-7.0) | 0.3 (−325 to 12.6) | .808 |
| CRP | mg/L | 55.4 (48.7-65.1) | 58.2 (52.8-69.9) | 2.8 (−2.6 to 8.16) | .298 |
| CCL2 | pg/mL | 313.0 (203.9-321.2) | 313.0 (239.3-427.2) | 0.0 (0.0 to 100.4) | .248 |
| CCL4 | pg/mL | 289.7 (165.2-362.7) | 224.2 (173.2-755.9) | −65.5 (−53.0 to 75.8) | .681 |
| CCL11 | pg/mL | 308.8 (250.1-378.4) | 304.7 (257.0-418.0) | −4.1 (−34.0 to 35.2) | .925 |
| CXCL10 | pg/mL | 10.6 (8.5-14.5) | 10.6 (9.1-13.9) | 0.0 (−1.46 to 1.6) | .866 |
| G-CSF | pg/mL | 61 (51.2-90.2) | 59.8 (46.2-92.5) | −1.2 (−9.8 to 9.5) | .853 |
| GM-CSF | pg/mL | 59.6 (54.4-70.1) | 62.7 (54.4-93.7) | 3.1 (−2.1 to 16.0) | .182 |
| Haptoglobin | ng/mL | 1,210 (977.8-1,421) | 1,185 (927.5-1,430) | −25.2 (−179 to 138) | .710 |
| Hepcidin | ng/mL | 87.9 (41.0-191.1) | 90.9 (30.7-226.7) | 3.0 (−4.0 to 33.1) | .811 |
| HO-1 | ng/mL | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | 1.9 (1.6-2.6) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.73) | < .001b |
| IFN-α | pg/mL | 11.3 (10.2-14.5) | 11.7 (10.9-12.9) | 0.4 (−0.9 to 0.8) | .820 |
| IFN-β | pg/mL | 10.3 (6.6-17.5) | 5.6 (5.1-6.8) | −4.7 (−7.4 to −1.9) | < .001b |
| IFN-γ | pg/mL | 102.7 (67.4-374.6) | 987.5 (431.6-1,179) | 884.8 (463 to 912) | < .001b |
| IL-1α | pg/mL | 1.2 (1.1-1.6) | 1.2 (1.2-1.6) | 0.0 (−0.09 to 0.17) | .833 |
| IL-1β | pg/mL | 103.0 (84.4-116.3) | 113.4 (99.5-164.5) | 10.4 (4.2 to 34.4) | .008b |
| IL-1Ra | pg/mL | 869.8 (659.0-1,274) | 873.4 (630.2-1,254) | 3.6 (−228 to 191) | .881 |
| IL-2 | pg/mL | 10.6 (6.6-17.4) | 15.7 (7.5-23.6) | 5.1 (0.5 to 7.3) | .025b |
| IL-4 | pg/mL | 0.3 (0.2-0.5) | 0.3 (0.3-0.5) | 0.01 (−0.04 to 0.1) | .337 |
| IL-5 | pg/mL | 0.3 (0.1-0.7) | 0.1 (0.1-0.2) | −0.2 (−0.6 to −0.03) | .003b |
| IL-6 | pg/mL | 583.5 (402.5-822.1) | 747.5 (561.1-1,027) | 164.0 (12.2 to 307) | .033b |
| IL-8 | pg/mL | 515.3 (330.0-989.1) | 418.7 (299.7-793.9) | −96.6 (−217 to 70.1) | .409 |
| IL-10 | pg/mL | 104.5 (81.3-136.0) | 168.5 (111.4-211.7) | 64.0 (30.2 to 82.1) | < .001b |
| IL-12p70 | pg/mL | 42.6 (34.9-52.3) | 44.6 (35.8-84.9) | 2.0 (0.0 to 15.5) | .099 |
| IL-13 | pg/mL | 53.0 (37.7-67.5) | 55.0 (47.1-86.0) | 2.0 (−2.4 to 17.2) | .128 |
| IL-17A | pg/mL | 116.4 (98.7-136.4) | 214.0 (132.6-310.3) | 97.6 (71.2 to 162.9) | < .001b |
| IL-17F | pg/mL | 112.6 (61.6-235.7) | 80.0 (66.0-116.5) | −32.6 (−62.7 to 2.2) | .075 |
| IL-18 | pg/mL | 7.9 (4.6-20.1) | 20.1 (12.8-30.2) | 12.2 (7.5 to 15.5) | < .001b |
| IL-22 | pg/mL | 30.3 (16.8-59.1) | 9.5 (7.9-12.0) | −20.8 (−27.6 to −13) | < .001b |
| MMP-1 | ng/mL | 6.4 (3.7-8.1) | 5.3 (4.2-7.5) | −1.1 (−1.7 to 836.9) | .562 |
| MMP-7 | ng/mL | 13.2 (10.2-18.8) | 13.2 (10.2-18.8) | 0.0 (−1.9 to 1.9) | .999 |
| MMP-8 | ng/mL | 207.7 (165.0-317.0) | 220.0 (161.4-285.8) | 12.3 (−44.0 to 33.0 | .735 |
| MMP-9 | ng/mL | 614.1 (483.9-868.4) | 657.6 (511.6-1,791.8) | 43.5 (−119 to 104) | .994 |
| PDGF | ng/mL | 4.8 (2.9-7.6) | 4.8 (2.6-7.9) | 0.0 (−1.7 to 1.3) | .713 |
| SAA | ng/mL | 4.3 (3.8-4.9) | 4.6 (4.1-51.2) | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) | .213 |
| sCD14 | μg/mL | 8.5 (5.4-13.7) | 8.3 (4.9-12.1) | −0.2 (−3.0 to 1.5) | .602 |
| sCD163 | μg/mL | 2.0 (1.8-2.0) | 1.9 (1.7-2.0) | −0.1 (−0.15 to 0.02) | .168 |
| sPD-1 | pg/mL | 9.3 (5.4-16.8) | 9.0 (5.6-13.4) | −0.3 (−3.3 to 1.7) | .617 |
| TGF-β | pg/mL | 231.4 (182.0-340.9) | 210.4 (165.5-284.8) | −21.0 (−52.4 to 20.6) | .482 |
| TIMP-1 | ng/mL | 222.3 (156.7-259.6) | 221.7 (184.9-271.0) | −0.6 (−18.2 to 44.0) | .429 |
| TIMP-2 | ng/mL | 260.9 (229.7-309.7) | 277.6 (224.1-312.3) | 16.7 (−24.0 to 40.1) | .785 |
| TIMP-3 | ng/mL | 0.6 (0.4-1.3) | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | 0.2 (−0.05 to 241.6) | .315 |
| TIMP-4 | ng/mL | 8.6 (7.4-10.1) | 11.1 (9.0-14.4) | 2.5 (0.9 to 3.8) | < .001b |
| TNF-α | pg/mL | 618.9 (383.0-686.0) | 690.3 (628.0-1038) | 71.4 (94.0 to 362.3) | < .001b |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Univariate comparisons using Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the concentrations of each biomarker between the study groups. CRP = C-reactive protein; G-CSF = granulocyte colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF = granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; HO-1 = heme oxygenase-1; IFN = interferon; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; SAA = serum amyloid protein-A; sCD = soluble cluster of differentiation; sPD-1 = soluble Programmed Death-1; TGF = transforming growth factor; TIMP = tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; TNF = tumor necrosis factor.
The differences and interquartile ranges were calculated subtracting the median values assessed in the group of individuals with TB-diabetes comorbidity from those detected in the group of individuals with TB without diabetes.
P < .05 after adjustment for multiple measurements (Holm method).