Table 3.
Mixed model and change of mean metabolite levels between sampling weeks 1, 3, 5 and 7 (n = 48).
| Metabolite | Weeks 1→7 Mixed Model | Weeks 1→3 | Weeks 3→5 | Weeks 5→7 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 35 Pairs) | (n = 28 Pairs) | (n = 19 Pairs) | ||||
| p Interaction | p Diet | p Time | FC | FC | FC | |
| Total Integral | −1.2 | −1.2 | 1.2 | |||
| 1-Methylnicotinamide | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 1.2 | 1.0 | −1.1 |
| 2-Oxoglutarate | 0.05 | 0.51 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
| 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 0.43 | 0.11 | <0.001 | 5.1 | −1.1 | −1.3 |
| Betaine | 0.96 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Citrate | 0.80 | 0.26 | <0.001 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
| Creatinine | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| Dimethylamine | 0.87 | 0.39 | 0.003 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
| Fumarate | 0.06 | 0.29 | <0.001 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Gluconate | - | - | - | x | - | - |
| Glycine | 0.62 | 0.05 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.2 | −1.1 |
| Hipurate | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0.31 | −1.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
| Histidine | 0.70 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.6 | −1.2 |
| myo-Inositol | 0.60 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 1.3 | 1.0 | −1.2 |
| N,N-Dimethylglycine | 0.23 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Succinate | 0.42 | 0.67 | <0.001 | 5.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
| Sucrose/Maltose | 0.12 | 0.51 | <0.001 | −8.4 | 1.1 | −1.1 |
| Sugar doublets, 5.23 ppm | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 1.0 | −1.2 | −1.2 |
| Threonine | 0.58 | 0.34 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.0 | −1.7 |
| trans-4-Hydroxy-l-proline | 0.26 | 0.16 | <0.001 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
| Tyrosine | 0.33 | 0.37 | <0.001 | 3.7 | 1.0 | −1.4 |
| Unknown, 0.57 ppm | - | - | - | x | - | - |
| Unknown, 5.50 ppm | - | - | - | x | - | - |
| Unknown, 7.68 ppm | 0.60 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Unknown, 7.76 ppm | 0.43 | 0.9 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 |
Linear mixed model for intervention (diet) and week of life (time) with adjustment for gestational age (GA) at birth and small for gestational age (SGA) status was used. Statistical significance was assumed for p < 0.002. Increase or decrease of log-transformed pseudo-concentrations, presented as fold-change (FC; ratios below 1 are presented as −1/ratio). The FC is based on available paired urine samples from the same child at the respective weeks of age. Metabolites marked “x” disappeared entirely; FC is therefore not applicable. Histidine is an uncertain assignment, based on a narrow doublet at 7.9–8.0 ppm. Total integral of the urine spectra was determined early relative to the added internal standard trimethylsilylpropionate-d4 (TSP) and then used to normalize all specified compounds.