Table 3.

The differing evaluation methods for human and veterinary vaccines.

evaluation method	human usage	veterinary usage
challenge studies	initial evaluation with animal models subsequent human challenge studies are performed for certain pathogens	initial and final vaccine efficacy testing
randomized trials	individual and cluster randomized trials routinely used for licensure efficacy evaluation sometimes for post-licensure effectiveness evaluation	usually used for licensure efficacy evaluation
post-vaccination immune correlate response	often used pre-licensure and occasionally for licensure	often used pre and post-licensure
vaccine effectiveness observational field studies	routinely used for monitoring post-licensure	rarely performed
vaccine effectiveness observational studies using routine surveillance data	routinely used for monitoring post-licensure when adequate data are available	not performed
post-vaccination sero-conversion field surveys	rarely used	often used for monitoring post-licensure
sero-prevalence population immunity surveys	rarely used	often used for monitoring post-licensure
in vitro serological matching assays	used post-licensure when suitable assay exists	often used post-licensure when suitable assay exists
coverage evaluation	various methods routinely used	distributed method sometimes used