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Disturbance motions of the model hawkmoth after vertical gust. (a) After a vertical gust in the −zE direction (upward gust): w(0)/U = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 (other variables at t = 0 are zero). (b) After a vertical gust in the zE direction (downward gust): w(0)/U = −0.1, −0.5, −0.7, −0.9 and −1 (other variables at t = 0 are zero). (Online version in colour.)
