. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Sociol Focus. 2014 Mar 25;47(2):101–120. doi: 10.1080/00380237.2014.883849

Table 3.

Negative Binomial Regression - Examining the Influence of Female and Male Sport Participation Rates on Female and Male AP Enrollment Rates

	AP Math Enrollment Rate						AP Science Enrollment Rate						AP Foreign Language Enrollment Rate						Enrolled in at least one AP course
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4			Model 5			Model 6			Model 7			Model 8
	Female Rate			Male Rate			Female Rate			Male Rate			Female Rate			Male Rate			Female Rate			Male Rate
	b		SE	b		SE	b		SE	b		SE	b		SE	b		SE	b		SE	b		SE
constant	−3.18	^***	.220	−3.18	^***	.206	−3.17	^***	.238	−3.50	^***	.240	−2.70	^***	.313	−3.15	^***	.384	−1.79	^***	.150	−2.126	^***	.151
Urban	.193	^***	.035	.201	^***	.033	.045		.035	.131	^***	.035	.024		.046	.074		.057	−.013		.024	.071	^**	.025
Town	−.112	^**	.043	−.087	^*	.042	−.113	^**	.044	−.114	^**	.044	−.060		.073	−.140		.090	−.125	^***	.029	−.111	^***	.030
Rural	−.021		.036	−.048		.034	−.092	^*	.037	−.089	^*	.037	−.029		.054	−.032		.068	−.069	^**	.025	−.108	^***	.025
Midwest	.027		.042	.033		.041	.035		.043	−.044		.043	.118		.068	.112		.084	.100	^***	.029	.089	^**	.030
South	−.244	^***	.039	−.276	^***	.037	−.034		.041	−.186	^***	.039	−.277	^***	.060	−.278	^***	.072	.114	^***	.028	.007		.028
West	.060		.049	.077		.047	.085		.053	−.033		.053	.077		.078	.083		.096	.182	^***	.034	.171	^***	.036
Enrollment	−2.5E-04	^***	2.3E-05	−2.1E- 04	^***	2.2E-05	−2.3E-04	^***	2.3E-05	−2.3E-04	^***	2.3E-05	−2.5E-04	^***	3.0E-05	−3.2E-04	^***	3.7E-05	−1.4E-04	^***	1.7E- 05	−1.5E-04	^***	1.7E- 05
Percent Female	.599		.370	.385		.355	.317		.414	.554		.419	−.718		.515	−.388		.612	−1.17	^***	.254	−.545	^*	.256
Percent White	−.341	^***	.069	−.205	^**	.067	−.121		.069	−.174	^*	.071	−1.056	^***	.104	−1.182	^***	.129	−.241	^***	.045	−.228	^***	.047
Percent FLE	−.893	^***	.082	−1.146	^***	.080	−.826	^***	.083	−1.10	^***	.084	−.454	^***	.120	−.595	^***	.148	−.425	^***	.056	−.843	^***	.059
Student/Teacher Ratio	.006		.004	.004		.004	.010	^*	.004	.017	^***	.004	.014	^*	.006	.013		.007	.015	^***	.003	.010	^***	.003
Charter/Magnet	.001		.059	.132	^*	.057	.164	^**	.057	.200	^***	.059	.068		.081	.057		.103	.173	^***	.039	.112	^**	.041
Number of AP courses	.033	^***	.002	.035	^***	.002	.026	^***	.002	.034	^***	.002	.019	^***	.003	.024	^***	.003	.052	^***	.001	.051	^***	.002
Female Sport Participation Rate	.305	^***	.069	--		--	.385	^***	.072	--		--	.652	^***	.110	--		--	^†.473	^***	.046	--		--
Male Sport Participation Rate	--		--	.269	^***	.055	--		--	.390	^***	.062	--		--	.345	^**	.116	--		--	^†.332	^***	.041

negative binomial	.541		.013	.493		.012	.500		.013	.502		.013	.586		.019	.907		.032	.300		.006	.319		.007

	Pseudo R2 = .025			Pseudo R2 = .035			Pseudo R2 = .022			Pseudo R2 = .034			Pseudo R2 = .021			Pseudo R2 = .0186			Pseudo R2 =.046			Pseudo R2 =.048
	n = 3,921			n = 3,921			n = 3,537			n = 3,537			n = 2,002			n = 2,002			n = 4,549			n = 4,549

p<.05

^**

p<.01

^***

p<.001

Notes:

^(a)

Z-test comparing the difference between regression coefficients for female sport participation rates (b1) and male sport participation rates (b2):

^†

Indicates a significant difference between regression coefficients at a .05 alpha level (two-tailed)

^(b)

Sample sizes varied due to the exclusion of schools in the analyses that indicated no enrollment for females or males in either AP math, AP science, AP foreign language, or being enrolled in at least one AP course.