Table 1. Demographic data and neuro-psychological assessments of the tuberculous meningitis (TBM), cryptococcal meningitis (CM), and normal control groups.
| Demographic Data | Normal control (n = 32) | TBM (n = 19) | CM (n = 13) | Total chronic meningitis (TBM and CM) | F1 or X1 2 | p 1 value | F2 or X2 2 | p 2 value |
| Age at follow-up | 50.5±15.3 | 51.8±18.5 | 52.0±13.3 | 51.9±16.4 | 0.063 | 0.939 | 0.007 | 0.931 |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 27M/5F | 15M/4F | 12M/1F | 27M/5F | 0.499 | 0.593 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Years of Education | 12.6±4.5 | 9.2±4.9 | 11.6±4.8 | 10.2±4.8 | 3.368 | 0.061 | 2.738 | 0.103 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale at admission | - | 14.4±1.5 | 13.5±2.9 | 14.0±2.2 | 3.745 | 0.236 | - | - |
| Glasgow Coma Scale at discharge | - | 14.9±0.5 | 14.2±2.2 | 14.6±1.48 | 6.914 | 0.259 | - | - |
| Duration of follow-up (months)α | - | 81 (26, 108) | 115 (42, 125) | 69 (28, 122) | 0. 74 | - | - | |
| CSF White cell count (/mm3)α | - | 104 (21, 140) | 144 (34, 240) | 109 (38, 219) | 0.651 | - | - | |
| CSF Protein (mg/dL)α | - | 129 (75, 210) | 143 (93, 251) | 129 (87, 210) | 0.761 | - | - | |
| CSF Lactate (mg/dL)α | - | 33 (17, 50) | 25 (18, 49) | 29 (18, 51) | 0.700 | - | - | |
| CSF Glucose (mg/dL)α | - | 52 (36, 78) | 37 (15, 49) | 49 (28, 59) | 0.018 | - | - | |
| CSF/Serum glucose ratioα | - | 0.40 (0.23, 0.50) | 0.32 (0.06, 0.37) | 0.35 (0.21, 0.47) | 0.030 | - | - | |
| Hydrocephalus with V-P shunting procedure | - | 3 | 7 | 10 | 0.047 | - | - | |
| MRI imaging during acute phase | ||||||||
| Meningeal enhancement | - | 12 | 6 | 18 | 0.907 | 0.341 | ||
| BG infarction/V-R s paces dilatation | - | 7 | 6 | 13 | 0.277 | 0.598 | ||
| Cerebritis | - | 8 | 2 | 10 | 2.565 | 0.109 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | - | 2 | 7 | 9 | 1.758 | 0.185 | ||
| MRI imaging during follow-up | ||||||||
| Meningeal enhancement | - | 2 | 0 | 3.118 | 0.157 | |||
| BG infarction/V-R s paces dilatation | - | 0 | 0 | - | - | |||
| Cerebritis | - | 3 | 1 | 2.239 | 0.279 | |||
| Hydrocephalus | - | 4 | 7 | 0.126 | 1.000 | |||
| Neuro-psychological Assessments | ||||||||
| Attention Function | ||||||||
| Digit span | 11.42 (2.77) | 8.50±3.78 | 9.54±3.15 | 8.94±3.5 | 2.430 | 0.098 | 6.008 | 0.017 |
| Attention | 7.78±0.57 | 6.84±0.29 | 7.48±0.33 | 7.00±1.65 | 2.425 | 0.098 | 2.477 | 0.121 |
| Orientation | 17.93±0.26 | 15.79±4.40 | 16.92±2.18 | 16.25±3.66 | 1.860 | 0.165 | 4.585 | 0.036 |
| Executive Function | ||||||||
| Digit symbol coding | 11.54±2.92# § | 6.94±2.86# | 9.08±3.43§ | 7.84±3.24 | 9.655 | <0.000 | 17.636 | <0.001 |
| Similarity | 11.46±2.33# | 7.84±3.24# | 9.62±3.36 | 8.56±3.35 | 6.222 | 0.004 | 11.697 | 0.001 |
| Arithmetic | 10.82±2.51 | 8.06±2.69 | 10.08±3.28 | 8.90±3.07 | 2.419 | 0.099 | 4.970 | 0.030 |
| Picture arrangement | 11.46±3.34# | 7.94±3.39# | 9.77±3.00 | 8.71±3.31 | 4.760 | 0.012 | 7.981 | 0.006 |
| Matrix reasoning | 10.61±3.35 | 8.21±3.77 | 9.54±2.99 | 8.75±3.48 | 0.846 | 0.435 | 1.949 | 0.168 |
| Abstract thinking | 10.75±1.32 | 9.47±2.65 | 10.08±2.14 | 9.72±2.44 | 1.238 | 0.298 | 1.701 | 0.197 |
| Mental Manipulation | 9.25±1.14 | 7.84±3.04 | 8.85±1.72 | 8.25±2.60 | 0.805 | 0.452 | 1.421 | 0.238 |
| Concept from WCSTα | 51.22±28.23 | 37.75±32.04 | 50.48±30.89 | 42.9±31.72 | 1.039 | 0.360 | 0.612 | 0.437 |
| Non-perseveration error from WCSTα | 13.56±10.01 | 18.00±14.54 | 13.92±11.67 | 16.34±13.40 | 0.429 | 0.653 | 0.303 | 0.584 |
| Perseveration error from WCSTα | 10.84±5.01 | 13.21±11.75 | 13.32±7.57 | 13.26±10.11 | 0.541 | 0.585 | 1.086 | 0.302 |
| Perseveration response from WCSTα | 12.16±5.86 | 15.47±13.26 | 14.62±9.37 | 15.13±13.22 | 0.537 | 0.588 | 1.038 | 0.312 |
| Memory Function | ||||||||
| Short term memory | 10.58±2.02 | 8.52±3.77 | 9.35±2.60 | 8.86±3.32 | 1.716 | 0.190 | 3.146 | 0.081 |
| Long term memory | 9.86±0.54 | 9.26±1.66 | 9.85±0.55 | 9.50±1.34 | 0.924 | 0.403 | 1.189 | 0.280 |
| Information | 11.29±3.41 | 8.42±2.43 | 9.54±2.63 | 8.88±2.54 | 2.107 | 0.132 | 6.657 | 0.012 |
| Speech and Language | ||||||||
| Vocabulary | 11.39±3.11 | 9.05±3.26 | 10.54±2.93 | 9.66±3.17 | 0.424 | 0.657 | 1.187 | 0.280 |
| Comprehension | 12.21±3.14 | 8.79±3.28 | 10.15±3.51 | 9.34±3.39 | 2.553 | 0.086 | 6.069 | 0.017 |
| Language | 9.97±0.11 | 9.80±0.43 | 9.31±1.13 | 9.51±0.94 | 0.894 | 0.415 | 0.550 | 0.461 |
| Semantic fluency | 8.68±1.70 | 7.47±2.57 | 8.00±1.68 | 7.69±2.24 | 0.878 | 0.421 | 1.364 | 0.248 |
| Visuo-construction Function | ||||||||
| Picture Complete | 10.57±3.46# | 7.05±3.37# | 8.69±2.59 | 7.72±3.14 | 5.354 | 0.007 | 10.136 | 0.002 |
| Block design | 11.50±3.12# § | 8.42±2.81# | 9.15±3.89§ | 8.72±3.26 | 5.383 | 0.007 | 10.937 | 0.002 |
| Drawing | 9.96±0.19 | 8.53±3.15 | 9.23±1.36 | 8.81±2.57 | 1.823 | 0.171 | 4.483 | 0.038 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 6.88±6.52 | 10.05±9.19 | 11.23±10.90 | 10.53±10.21 | 0.676 | 0.513 | 1.491 | 0.227 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD.
α
Median (inter-quartile range) value.
F1, X1 2 and p1 represent comparisons among the TBM, CM, and control groups.
F2, X2 2 and p2 represent comparison between the controls and all chronic meningitis patients in the study.
#
Significant difference between the control and TBM groups in post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni's correction.
§
Significant difference between the control and CM groups in post-hoc analysis with Bonferroni's correction.
Boldfaced values represent significant differences (p≤0.05).