TABLE 2.
Stratified Analyses of Aggregated Effect Sizes for 95% Adherence and Undetectable Viral Load Outcomes
| 95% Adherence |
Undetectable Viral Load |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| k | OR (95% CI) | k | OR (95% CI) | |
| Study and sample characteristics | ||||
| Conducted in United States | 13 | 1.30 (0.96 to 1.71)23,25,31,33,35,36–38,42–44,48,49 | 9 | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.51)23,25,31,33,35,38,39,42,43 |
| Conducted elsewhere | 5 | 1.89 (1.28 to 2.82)24,32,34,40,41 | 5 | 1.45 (1.04 to 2.02)24,32,34,40,41 |
| 80% or more participants male | 8 | 1.21 (0.79 to 1.84)25,35,37,40,41,43,44,49 | 6 | 1.24 (0.75 to 2.05)25,35,39–41,43 |
| Less than 80% of participants male | 10 | 1.65 (1.16 to 2.34)23,24,31–34,36,38,42,48 | 8 | 1.26 (0.96 to 1.65)23,24,31,33,34,38,42 |
| 50% or more participants MSM | 5 | 1.76 (0.87 to 3.57)25,35,37,40,44 | 4 | 1.83 (0.50 to 6.67)25,35,39,40 |
| Less than 50% of participants MSM | 5 | 1.21 (0.79 to 1.84)24,33,42,43,48 | 4 | 1.15 (0.78 to 1.71)24,33,42,43 |
| HAART naive | 3 | 1.33 (0.73 to 2.43)24,35,42 | 3 | 1.22 (0.94 to 1.58)24,35,42 |
| Not HAART naive | 15 | 1.52 (1.22 to 2.07)23,25,31–34,38,40,41,48,49 | 11 | 1.66 (0.70 to 3.94)23,25,31–34,38–41,43 |
| No marker for poor baseline adherence | 14 | 1.70 (1.02 to 2.86)23–25,31,32,34–36,38,40–43,48 | 13 | 1.29 (0.99 to 1.68)23–25,31,33–35,38–43 |
| Marker for poor baseline adherence | 4 | 2.09 (1.18 to 3.69)33,37,44,49 | 1 | __33 |
| No marker for baseline detectable VL | 15 | 1.42 (1.07 to 1.87)23,25,31,33–38,40,41,43,44,48,49 | 11 | 1.19 (0.90 to 1.58)23,25,31,33–35,38–41,43 |
| Marker for baseline detectable VL | 3 | 1.83 (0.94 to 3.59)24,32,42 | 3 | 1.43 (0.91 to 2.24)24,32,42 |
| Intervention characteristics and components | ||||
| Delivered by study staff | 9 | 1.74 (1.26 to 2.40)23,25,31,33–35,37,42,49 | 8 | 1.25 (0.91 to 1.71)23,25,31,33–35,39,42 |
| Not delivered by study staff | 9 | 1.35 (0.89 to 5.05)24,32,36,38,40,41,43,44,50 | 6 | 1.26 (0.87 to 1.82)24,32,38,40,41,43 |
| 5 or more intervention sessions | 6 | 1.49 (0.82 to 2.74)23,25,31,40,48,49 | 5 | 1.24 (0.76 to 2.04)23,25,31,35,36(23,25,31,39,40) |
| Fewer than 5 sessions | 10 | 1.49 (1.13 to 1.98)24,32–37,41–44 | 7 | 1.26 (0.96 to 1.65)24,32,34,35,41–43 |
| Didactic information on HAART | 7 | 1.86 (1.25 to 2.79)25,32,36,38,40,43,48 | 7 | 1.41 (1.03 to 1.93)24,25,31,32,34,39,41 |
| No didactic information on HAART | 11 | 1.26 (0.94 to 1.68)23,24,31,33–35,37,41,42,44,49 | 7 | 1.06 (0.73 to 1.54)23,33,35,38,40–43 |
| Interactive discussion of cognitions, motivations, and expectations about adherence |
14 | 1.62 (1.21 to 2.03)24,25,31–37,40,42,43,48,49 | 11 | 1.30 (1.00 to 1.70)24,25,31–35,39,40,42,43 |
| No interactive discussion of cognitions, motivations, and expectations about adherence |
4 | 0.99 (0.55 to 1.79)23,38,41,44 | 3 | 1.07 (0.62 to 1.86)23,38,41 |
| Behavioral strategies | 15 | 1.34 (1.03 to 1.75)23–25,31,33–37,40–43,48,49 | 12 | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.68)23–25,31–35,38,40–43 |
| No behavioral strategies | 3 | 2.31 (1.41 to 3.79)32,38,44 | 2 | 1.16 (0.70 to 1.92)32,38 |
| External reminder (eg, pager) | 4 | 1.00 (0.62 to 1.63)32,41,44,37 | 4 | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.86)38,39,41,43 |
| No external reminder | 14 | 1.69 (1.24 to 2.29)23–25,31–37,40,42,48,49 | 10 | 1.29 (0.98 to 1.70)23–25,31–35,40,42 |
| Involved only 1 intervention component | 3 | 1.05 (0.45 to 2.46)23,38,44 | 1 | __38 |
| Involved (any) 2 intervention components | 9 | 1.77 (1.18 to 2.67)31–33,35,36,40,42,48,49 | 6 | 1.19 (0.84 to 1.69)31–34,40 |
| Involved (any) 3 intervention components | 6 | 1.33 (0.92 to 1.95)24,25,34,37,41,43 | 5 | 1.35 (0.94 to 1.93)24,25,34,41 |
| Involved all 4 intervention components | 1 | — | 1 | __39 |
| Control received an intervention component | 8 | 1.30 (0.90 to 1.88)33,35–37,43,48,49 | 5 | 1.19 (0.80 to 1.78)33,35,39,42,43 |
| Control received standard of care or was wait-listed |
10 | 1.75 (1.25 to 2.43)23–25,31,32,34,38,40,41,44 | 9 | 1.29 (0.96 to 1.74)23–25,31,32,34,38,40,41 |
| Methodologic quality variables | ||||
| Baseline N ≥ 50 per arm | 8 | 1.43 (0.99 to 2.04)24,32–34,41–43,48 | 7 | 1.31 (1.01 to 1.69)24,32–34,41–43 |
| Baseline N < 50 per arm | 10 | 1.73 (1.09 to 2.73)23,25,31,36–38,40,44,49 | 7 | 1.00 (0.54 to 1.84)23,25,31,35,38–40 |
| Self-report adherence measure | 11 | 1.39 (0.92 to 1.13)24,25,31,32,36,37,41,43,44,48,49 | — | — |
| Other (more “objective”) measure of adherence | 7 | 1.70 (1.22 to 2.37)23,33–35,38,40,42 | — | — |
| First follow-up <60 days | 8 | 1.49 (1.04 to 2.14)23,24,33–37,42,43 | 6 | 1.18 (0.81 to 1.73)23,24,33,35,42,43 |
| First follow-up ≥60 days | 6 | 1.60 (0.92 to 2.79)25,31,32,34,41,49 | 5 | 1.33 (0.96 to 1.85)25,31,32,34,41 |
| Retention rate <80% at immediate post or <70% at follow-up |
11 | 1.60 (1.09 to 2.34)23,31–33,35–37,40,41,43,48 | 8 | 1.16 (0.84 to 1.61)23,31–33,40,41,43,45 |
| Retention rate <80% immediately after intervention or <70% at follow-up |
6 | 1.45 (0.95 to 2.20)24,25,34,42,44,49 | 6 | 1.46 (1.00 to 2.14)24,25,34,38,39,42 |
| Differential retention rate ≤5% | 8 | 1.67 (1.07 to 2.58)31,32,35,37,40,42,44,49 | 5 | 1.23 (0.75 to 2.04)31,32,35,40,42 |
| Differential retention rate >5% | 10 | 1.44 (1.05 to 1.97)23–25,33,34,36,38,41,43,44 | 9 | 1.26 (0.94 to 1.67)23–25,33,34,38,39,41,43 |
| Imputed missing data | 6 | 1.55 (1.02 to 2.34)24,31,33,34,42,48 | 5 | 1.25 (0.91 to 1.72)24,31,33,34,42 |
| Did not impute missing data | 12 | 1.48 (1.04 to 2.10)23,25,32,35–38,40,41,43,44,49 | 9 | 1.26 (0.87 to 1.81)23,25,32,35,38–41,43 |
According to the between-group heterogeneity statistic QB, for each comparison, there were no statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences between effect sizes. Effect sizes are not given for subgroups with only 1 study.
Numbers of studies fluctuate across stratification variables because some studies did not report information on the variable.
Intervention components were coded as present only if they were included as part of the intervention and not the control arm.