Table 1.

Features of Methuosis Compared with Other Forms of Nonapoptotic Cell Death

Features	Methuosis26,46	Oncosis23,87	Paraptosis21	Necroptosis16,19	Ferroptosis88	Pyroptosis89	Parthanatos17	Autophagic death7,12,14
Visible vacuoles (origin)	Yes (macropinosomes and endosomes)	Yes (ER and mitochondria)	Yes (ER and mitochondria)	Yes (ER and mitochondria)	No	No	No	Yes (autophagosomes)
Rupture of plasma membrane	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Varies
Cell swelling	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No
Membrane blebbing	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No
Chromatin condensation	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes (late)
DNA fragmentation	Varies	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes (late)
Activation of executioner caspases (occurs but not required)	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Yes	Varies
Accumulation of autophagosomes	Yes		Yes	Yes	No		No	Yes
Mitochondrial membrane permeability		Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Varies
Lysosomal membrane permeability		Yes	No	Yes	No	No		Varies
ATP depletion	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Varies
Inhibitors		Glycine PARP inhibitors		Necrostatin	Ferrostatin iron chelators	Caspase-1 inhibitors	PARP inhibitors	3-Methyl-adenine siRNA vs atg-5, beclin-1

Excluded are forms of nonapoptotic death that are tissue specific (eg, netosis⁹ and cornification¹⁰) or involve cell-in-cell degradation (eg, entosis⁹⁰).