Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 expression in trachea after M. pulmonis infection. A–C: Cross-sections of mouse trachea stained for Cxcl1 (red), neutrophils (S100a8, green), and epithelial cells (E-cadherin, blue). A: No epithelial Cxcl1 staining or neutrophils in pathogen-free trachea. B: Scattered epithelial cells with Cxcl1 staining (arrows) and some neutrophils at day 3 of infection. C: More epithelial cells with Cxcl1 staining (arrows) and abundant neutrophils on day 7 of infection. D: Time course of Cxcl1 expression after infection measured in trachea by RT-qPCR. N = 3 to 5 mice per group; ∗P < 0.05 compared with the pathogen-free group. E–G: Cross-sections of mouse trachea stained for Cxcl2 (red), neutrophils (myeloperoxidase, green), and epithelial cells (E-cadherin, blue). E: No epithelial Cxcl2 staining was visible in pathogen-free trachea. F: No Cxcl2 staining and few neutrophils in mucosa were visible on day 3 of infection. G: Cxcl2 staining in epithelium (arrows) and abundant neutrophils at day 7 of infection. H: Time course of Cxcl2 expression after infection measured in trachea by RT-qPCR. N = 3 to 5 mice per group; ∗P < 0.05 compared with the pathogen-free group. Scale bars: 50 μm (A–C, E–G).