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Width measurements on PA cephalometric radiographs used in this study. Maxillary (MX) width was measured between jugula left (JL) and right (JR), with jugula defined as the point on the jugal process at the intersection of the outline of maxillary tuberosity and the zygomatic process. Nasal cavity (NC) width was measured between the left and right points at the lowest part of the maximum concavity of the piriform rim.
