Table 2. Behavioral and Neuroimaging Measures.
Summary of methods used to generate phenotypes. The upper rows of the table list the instruments and measures used to assess temperament and neurocognitive phenotypes. The lower rows list the neuroimaging regions of interest (ROIs). ROIs highlighted in bold represent measures that were derived by summing sub-region measures that are also included as traits (e.g. total brain volume is the sum of total cerebral, total cerebellar and brain stem volumes). For each cortical surface ROI, two measures were determined; surface area and average gray matter thickness. Abbreviations; FA, fractional anisotropy; AD, axial diffusivity; RD radial diffusivity.
| Subdomain | Instrument | Phenotype | Measure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperament | |||
| Delusion-proneness | Peters Delusion Inventory106 | Peters Delusion Inventory | Score on 40 items assessing delusional ideation and unusual perceptual experiences |
| Perceptual Creativity | Barron Welsh Art Scale16,107 | Barron Welsh Art Scale Dislike | Preference rating on simple/symmetric figures of 86 total |
| Barron Welsh Art Scale Like | Preference rating on complex/asymmetric figures of 86 total | ||
| Affective Temperament | TEMPS-A108 | TEMPS Anxiety | Total score on 3 anxiety items |
| TEMPS Cyclothymia | Total score on 12 cyclothymia items | ||
| TEMPS Depressive | Total score on 8 depressive items | ||
| TEMPS Hyperthymia | Total score on 8 hyperthymia items | ||
| TEMPS Irritability | Total score on 8 irritability items | ||
| Impulsivity/Risk-taking | Aggression Questionnaire109 | Aggression Questionnaire | Score on 12 item Likert-scale of aggressive traits/behaviors |
| Barratt Impulsivity Scale110 | Barratt Impulsivity Scale | Score on 30 item Likert-scale assessing frequency of impulsive behaviors | |
| Sensation Seeking Scale111,112 | Sensation Seeking Scale | Score on 40 items of sensory stimulation preferences | |
| Balloon Analog Risk Task113 | BART Low-risk Pumps | Number of balloon pumps on Low-risk trials | |
| BART Medium-risk Pumps | Number of balloon pumps on Medium-risk trials | ||
| BART High-risk Pumps | Number of balloon pumps on High-risk trials | ||
| BART Total Pumps | Total number of balloon pumps on all trials | ||
| Neurocognition | |||
| Long Term Memory | California Verbal Learning Test | CVLT Delayed Recall | Number of items out of 16 word list recalled after a 20 min. delay |
| CVLT Intrusions | Number of intrusions during list recollection | ||
| CVLT Recognition | Number of items out of 16 word list recognized after a 20 min delay | ||
| CVLT Repetitions | Number of repeated words during list recollection | ||
| CVLT Total Trials 1–5 | Number of items recalled over 5 repeated exposures of a 16 word list | ||
| Miscellaneous43 | Face Memory | Number of faces recalled from visual presentation after delay | |
| Wechsler Memory Scale45 | WMS Logical Memory Delay | Memory score for auditory story after 20 min. delay | |
| WMS Logical Memory Immediate | Memory score for auditory story immediately after presentation | ||
| WMS Logical Memory Recognition | Recognition score for auditory story after 20 min. delay | ||
| WMS Visual Reproduction Immediate | Score for visuospatial memory immediately after figure presentation | ||
| WMS Visual Reproduction Delay | Score for visuospatial memory after delay | ||
| Executive Function | Abstraction Inhibition and Working Memory114 | AIM Abstraction | Number of correctly matched shapes presented simultaneously |
| Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence | Matrix Reasoning | Number of correctly completed patterns | |
| WASI Vocabulary | Number of correctly named/defined objects/words | ||
| Penn Conditional Exclusion Test115 | PCET # Correct | Number of correctly identified non-matching objects | |
| PCET Categories Achieved | Number of categories of achieved | ||
| Stop Signal Task | SST Correct Go | Number of correct go trials | |
| SST Correct Stop | Number correct stop trials | ||
| SST Inter-stimulus Interval | Response time (ms) on correct stop trials | ||
| Stroop Color-Word Interference Test44 | Stroop Color Word Test Errors | Number of errors on Color-Word test | |
| Stroop Color Word Test Time | Time needed to complete test | ||
| Test of Non-verbal Intelligence116 | TONI # Correct | Number of correctly completed progressive matrices | |
| Working Memory | Abstraction Inhibition and Working Memory114 | AIM Abstraction plus Memory | Number of correctly matched shapes after delayed target presentation |
| Identical Pairs Continuous Performance Test | IPCPT Hits | Number of correctly identified pairs on continuous performance test | |
| Spatial Capacity Delayed Response Test | SCAP # Correct 3 Dot Condition | Number of correct responses on 3-dot spatial delayed memory task | |
| SCAP Reaction Time 3 Dot Condition | Response time (ms) on 3-dot condition | ||
| SCAP # Correct 5 Dot Condition | Number of correct responses on 5-dot spatial delayed memory task | ||
| SCAP Reaction Time 5 Dot Condition | Response time (ms) on 5-dot condition | ||
| SCAP Mean # Correct All Trials | Mean number of correct responses on all trials | ||
| Miscellaneous43 | VWM Digits Forward # Correct | Correctly recalled digits strings in original order of presentation | |
| VWM Digits Backward # Correct | Correctly recalled digits strings in reverse order of presentation | ||
| VWM Letter-Number Seq. # Correct | Correctly recalled number-letter strings, in alpha-numeric sequence | ||
| Processing Speed | Miscellaneous43 | Digit Symbol Copy | Correctly identified digit-symbol pairs in 90 sec |
| Digit Symbol Recall | Number of digits recalled when presented with corresponding symbols | ||
| Digit Symbol Percent Correct | Percent correct on digit-symbol task | ||
| Trail Making Test | Trailmaking Letter Sequencing Time | Time needed to connect letters in alphabetical order | |
| Trailmaking Number-Letter Seq. Time | Time needed to connect alternating sequence of numbers and letters | ||
| Trailmaking Number Sequencing Time | Time needed to connect numbers in ascending order | ||
| Verbal Fluency | Miscellaneous43 | Verbal Letter Fluency | Words starting with a specific letter generated in 60 sec. |
| Verbal Category Fluency | Animal names generated in 60 sec. | ||
| Neuroimaging | |||
| Measure | Analysis Package | Regions of Interest (ROIs) | |
| MRI Volume | FreeSurfer46,47T1-Weighted Images | Amygdala, Anterior Corpus Callosum, Brain Stem, Caudate, Central Corpus Callosum, Cerebellar Cortex, Cerebellar Volume, Cerebellar White Matter, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Volume, Cerebral White Matter, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Fourth Ventricle, Hippocampus, Inferior Lateral Ventricle, Lateral Ventricle, Mid-Anterior Corpus Callosum, Mid-Posterior Corpus Callosum, non-White Matter Hypointensities, Nucleus Accumbens, Pallidum, Posterior Corpus Callosum, Putamen, Thalamus, Third Ventricle, Total Brain Volume, Total Corpus Callosum, Ventral Diencephalon, White Matter Hypointensities | |
| Cortical Surface Area | Caudal Anterior Cingulate, Caudal Middle Frontal, Cuneus, Entorhinal, Frontal Pole, Fusiform, Inferior Parietal, Inferior Temporal, Isthmus Cingulate, Lateral Occipital, Lateral Orbitofrontal, Lingual, Medial Orbitofrontal, Middle Temporal, Paracentral, Parahippocampal, Pars Opercularis, Pars Orbitalis, Pars Triangularis, Pericalcarine, Postcentral, Posterior Bank of Superior Temporal Sulcus, Posterior Cingulate, Precentral, Precuneus, Rostral Anterior Cingulate, Rostral Middle Frontal, Superior Frontal, Superior Parietal, Superior Temporal, Supramarginal, Temporal Pole, Transverse Temporal | ||
| FA, AD, RD | FSL TBSS50,51DTI | Anterior Thalamic Radiation, Genu Corpus Callosum, Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus, Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, Splenium Corpus Callosum, Uncinate Fasciculus | |